Showing 9 results for Antimicrobial
A Tehranian , P Hasel ,
Volume 57, Issue 4 (7-1999)
Abstract
Acute amniotic fluid infection has emerged as a possible cause of many heretofore unexplained preterm births. Our purpose was to determine the effect of ampicillin in the prolongation of pregnancies receiving tocolysis for preterm labor. A blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial was conducted to study ampicillin in women hospitalized for preterm labor between 24 and 37 weeks' gestation. A total of 60 patients with intact membranes and without chorioamnionitis who were receiving magnesium sulfate were screened. Thirty women with preterm labor received ampicillin, and 30 received placebos. The primary end point was prolongation of gestation. There was no difference in age of delivery (37.6±9.7 days vs 36.08±3.9 days, P=0.085) and no difference in retardation of delivery (4.7±3.1 vs 4.1±2.1, P=0.39). The mean degree of preterm delivery were 0.62±1.93 and 1.8±3.3 weeks in ampicillin and placebo groups, respectively (not significant, P>0.1). Conclusions: Ampicillin had no effect on interval to delivery or duration of pregnancy in women treated for preterm labor. So rotine clinical use of ampicillin during tocolysis should not be recommended.
Hadadi A, Rasoulinejad M, Maleki Z, Mojtahedzadeh M, Younesian M, Ahmadi S.a, Bagherian H,
Volume 65, Issue 4 (7-2007)
Abstract
Background: The object of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance pattern among common nosocomial Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with nosocomial infections.
Methods: From June 2004 to December 2005, 380 isolates of common Gram-negative bacilli (Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and E. coli) from 270 patients with nosocomial infections in Sina and Imam Hospitals, Tehran, Iran, were evaluated for susceptibility to Imipenem, Cefepime, Ciprofloxacine, Ceftriaxone and Ceftazidime by Disc diffusion and E-test methods.
Results: The most frequent pathogens isolated were Klebsiella spp. (40%), followed by Pseudomonas (28%), Acinetobacter spp. (20%) and E. coli (12%). The most active antibiotic was imipenem (84%). 26% of all isolates were sensitive to Cefepime, 26% to Ciprofloxacin, 20% to Ceftazidime and 10% to Ceftrixone. The susceptibility rates of Klebsiella to Imipenem, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime and Ceftriaxone were 91, 25, 21, 13 and 7 percent, respectively and 91, 19, 17, 21 and 21 percent, respectively, for E. coli. Among Acineto- bacter spp., the susceptibility rate was 77% for Imipenem and 21% for Ciprofloxacin. Among Pseudomonas spp., 75% of isolates were susceptible to Imipenem and 39% to Ciprofloxacin. The comparison of the resistance status of microorganisms by both Disc diffusion and E-test methods showed a clinically noticeable agreement between these two tests.
Conclusions: Since antibiotic resistance among Gram-negative bacilli has increased, enforcement of policy regarding proper antibiotic use is urgently needed in order to delay the development of resistance. Although it is widely accepted that E-test is more accurate in determining the resistance of microorganisms, our study showed that the Disc diffusion test will give the same results in most occasions and is therefore still considered useful in clinical practice.
Mirsalehian, Feizabadi, Akbari Nakhjavani, Jabal Ameli, ,
Volume 66, Issue 5 (8-2008)
Abstract
Background: The resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to broad spectrum cephalosporins may be mediated by extended spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs). These enzymes are encoded by different genes located either on chromosome or plasmids. In this study, we determined the antimicrobial resistance patterns of P. aeruginosa isolates and screened for ESBL production.
Methods: After isolation from burn patients in Tehran Hospital, identification of P. aeruginosa isolates were assessed using biochemical tests. We then performed disk agar diffusion (DAD) according to CLSI guidelines to determine the pattern of antimicrobial resistance. The frequency of ESBLs and prevalence of the OXA-10 and PER-1 genes were determined with combined disk and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, respectively.
Results: One hundred strains of P. aeruginosa were isolated. The resistance of these strains to cephpodoxime, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem, cefotaxime, levofloxacin, piperacilin- tazobactam and ceftriaxon was 100%, 90%, 83%, 92%, 85%, 88%, 63%, 66%, 98%, 89%, 70% and 91%, respectively. Of these, 40 strains (40%) were ESBL positive, 29 strains (29%) were OXA-10 positive and 18 strains (18%) were PER-1 positive.
Conclusion: Our results confirm the need for proper antimicrobial therapy in burn hospitals, considering the resistance pattern and frequency of strains producing ESBLs and the presence of the OXA-10 and PER-1 genes. Since an increase in the prevalence of ESBL in P. aeruginosa strains might lead to the transfer of these ESBL genes to other gram-negative bacteria, we recommend the use of appropriate drugs, especially cephalosporins, in burn hospitals.
Mirsalehian A, Jabalameli F, Mirafshar Sm, Bazarjani F, Gorjipor A, Goli H.r,
Volume 66, Issue 6 (9-2008)
Abstract
Comparing Intensity Elicited Maximum Reflex Amplitude Between Noise Induced Hearing Loss & Acoustic Trauma at 1kHZ, Contralaterally, and Investigate Relationship Between Amplitude and Hearing Impairment
Qaziasgar L, Kermanshahi Rk,
Volume 66, Issue 10 (1-2009)
Abstract
Background: Because of importance and extensive use of textile in clinical setting especially as bandage, so outbreak of nosocomial infections due to Bacteria resistance nanobiotechnological advances in recent decade, achieved methods for fabrication antimicrobial effect in fibers that can satisfied the needs of patients in the wake of health and hygiene.
Methods: The antimicrobial effect of special type of fibers produced in Isfahan Poly Acryl Plant on one resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from 54 wound samples of patients in Isabn e Maryam hospital and P.aeruginosa (PTCC1024) was studied by using shake flask method. In order to compare the effect of pure antimicrobial agent of the fiber with that of gentamicin, the minimal inhibitory concentration of these agents was tested on strains. The effect of the interaction of these two antimicrobial agents and their fractional inhibitory concentration on chosen strains was studied using checkerboard method.
Results: The results show inefficient effect by antimicrobial fiber on P.aeruginosa strains after 24 hrs. But despite the high level MIC of gentamicin on these bacteria (1-3 µg/ml), the MIC of pure antimicrobial agent of fiber at a level of 10-3 µl/ml caused growth inhibition. The interaction of these antibacterial agents on the P.aeruginosa isolated from wound was evaluated as synergism.
Conclusions: According to this study the antimicrobial effect of the fiber on growth inhibition of P.aeruginosa strains is negative (despite of significant effect by pure antimicrobial agent used in produced the antimicrobial fiber on examined strains).
Soltan Dallal Mm, Azarsa M, Shirazi Mh, Rastegar Lari A, Owlia P, Fallah Mehrabadi J, Sabbaghi A, Molla Aghamirzaei H, Shamkani F, Avadis Yans S, Mobasseri G, Bakhtiari R, Sharifi Yazdi Mk,
Volume 69, Issue 5 (8-2011)
Abstract
Background: Numerous use of Beta Lactame in treatment of bacterial infections resulted in increments of drug resistance of such bacteria. One of difficulties in treatment of hospital infections is Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) among isolated clinical strains of E.coli. Since some of ESBL strains shows double reaction in drug sensitivity test at in vitro and in vivo condition, therefore it makes difficulties in selection of right treatment. In the last years, CTX-M enzymes have become the most prevalent ESBLs in worldwide. The prevalence of ESBL types largely remains unknown in many parts of the Iran. This study was made to find the prevalence of ESBL-producing E.coli and molecular detection of CTX-M-1 in Tabriz.
Methods: In the present study, 400 urine samples collected between November 2009 and April 2010, from Tabriz Hospitals were studied. Out of the 400 samples, 188 E.coli isolates were detected by standard biochemical tests. Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was tested to 10 antibiotics by the disk agar diffusion (DAD) method. ESBL production was screened by phenotypic test that included both separate and combined disk agar diffusion techniques. The screened isolates were investigated by PCR assay to detect CTX-M-1 gene.
Results: From the total 188 E.coli isolates, 82 (43.6%) were shown to produce ESBLs by phenotypic test. During the PCR method on the 82 isolates, 69 (84.1%) were confirmed as CTX-M-1 producing group.
Conclusion: The present study showed that CTX-M-producing isolates were increasing among E.coli strains and indicated the need for adequate susceptibility tests in laboratories for choosing the appropriate antibiotics for treatment.
Asgharian Am, Mohammadi M,
Volume 69, Issue 10 (1-2012)
Abstract
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Background: Amphibian
skins possess various antibacterial compounds that are effective against some
microbial pathogens and are mostly released in response to environmental
stress. In fact, the skin of Rana ridibunda, a large green frog, is a
rich source of antimicrobial compounds that can be developed for therapeutic
use. In the present study, the skin extract of Iranian Rana ridibunda was
evaluated for its antimicrobial, hemolytic and cytototoxic activities.
Methods : The frog specimens were collected from Minoodasht located in Golesten
province in Iran, during 2009. Subsequently, their skins were removed and the intended compounds
were extracted. The crude extract was partially purified by gel filtration
chromatography. The antimicrobial effects of skin extract were assessed against
various microorganisms such as Escherchia coli, methicillin-resistant
and -sensitive Staphyloccus aureus, vancomycin-resistant and -susceptible
Enteroccus fecalis, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Candida albicans. In
addition, its minimum inhibition concentration, cytotoxic and hemolytic
activities were determined.
Results : The crude extract of Rana ridibunda skin had valuable
antimicrobial effects against methicillin-resistant and -susceptible S. aureus in comparison with E.coli and vancomycin-resistant
and -susceptible E. fecalis. Besides, no
antimicrobial activities were seen against P. aeroginosa or C. albicans. Moreover, the hemolytic and cytotoxic activities of the skin
extract were minimal.
Conclusion: The
antimicrobial activity of Iranian Rana ridibunda was comparable to those
isolated from other Rana species. In conclusion, the skin extract of Rana
ridibunda had the potential for a new therapeutic agent against the emerging
drug-resistant bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant and -sensitive S.
aureus.
Hassan Mahmoudi , Mohammad Reza Arabestani , Seyed Fazlullah Mousavi , Safiyeh Ghafel , Mohammad Yousef Alikhani ,
Volume 73, Issue 1 (4-2015)
Abstract
Background: Staphylococcus aureus is the most important cause of nosocomial infections acquired in the community. Protein A is a major component of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall. In analysis of the nucleotide sequence Protein A encoding spa, locus x consists of 24 base pairs which repeat with high polymorphism. In this study, the spa gene of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens were obtained from patients admitted to the hospital and healthy carriers. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, a total of 200 samples were collected. One hundred fifty samples were obtained from hospitalized patients and 50 samples obtained from staff nasal swabs in Hamadan University Hospitals from October 2013 to August 2014. Disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility tests performed. The antibiotics studied were Vancomycin (30 µg), Cefoxitin (15 µg) Gentamicin (10 µg), Tetracycline (30 µg), Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (25 µg), Ciprofloxacin (5 µg), Erythromycin (15 µg), Clindamycin (2 µg), Rifampin (5 µg). The tests performed according to the guidelines of clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI). It also detect the mecA gene of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains (MRSA) and genes spa which encodes the protein A by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method with enzyme Rsa I (Afa I) were prepared. Results: This methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain (MRSA) had the highest sensitivity and resistance to ciprofloxacin and clindamycin. Totally, 8 amplicon with different sizes for the spa gene were identified. A total of 9 patterns polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) were found. Some of these patterns between Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens and nasal carriers were common. Conclusion: There is a similar pattern of spa gene among patients admitted to the hospital and staff, according to our findings. Analysis of the patterns can reduced transmission of infection in both hospital staff and patients. Also it can help the physicians for correct management of infections.
Mojtaba Hedayat Yaghoobi , Mohammadmahdi Sabahi , Elahe Ghaderi , Mohammad Ali Seifrabiei , Farshid Rahimi Bashar ,
Volume 77, Issue 11 (2-2020)
Abstract
Background: Health care associated infections (HAIs) are a class of infections that infect patients during hospital admissions and receive medical services. These infections occurs within 48 to 72 hours of admission and up to 6 weeks after discharge. Surveillance of device-associated infections (DAIs) in intensive care units (ICUs) is substantial in planning healthcare strategies. This study was conducted to determine the device-associated infections' burden and antimicrobial resistance patterns.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, three common device-associated infections included central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLA-BSI), ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), and catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CA-UTI), were assessed in intensive care units of Besat Hospital in Hamedan from April 2017 to April 2018. In order to determine the incidence of device-associated infections, the number of device-associated infection cases was calculated during the study period and divided into the number of device-days used. The device-days included all days of exposure to that device (vascular catheter, endotracheal tube (ventilator), or urinary catheter) in all patients in the study population.
Results: Out of 1806 intensive care unit admitted cases, 168 patients (9.3%) were device-associated infection with distribution of 92 cases (55%) of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), 56 cases (34%) of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CA-UTI) and 20 cases (11%) of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CL-BSI). The incidence of VAP, CA-UTI and CL-BSI was 44.7, 17.5, and 21.61 days, respectively. The most organisms were Acinetobacter (27.4%), Klebsiella (18.3%), Escherichia coli (E. coli) (15.4%). Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) was 75%. Acinetobacter resistance to colistin and carbapenem was 16.8%. About half of Pseudomonas isolates were resistant to meropenem.
Conclusion: According to the present findings of this study, a high incidence of device-associated infections and resistant organisms in our intensive care units were documented, which represents a need to reinforce the preventive and control programs. Various results in different studies can be due to differences in the level of health care in different centers and countries.
