Tehran University Medical Journal

Herbal essential oils are volatile, natural, complex compounds formed by medicinal plants as secondary metabolites. As reported by international organization for standardization (ISO), the term "essential oils" (EOs) is defined for a product obtained from vegetable raw materials or fruit using distillation with water or steam. The EOs are generally complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds include hydrocarbons (terpenes and sesquiterpenes) and oxygenated compounds (alcohols, esters, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, lactones, phenols, and phenol ethers) compounds. In medicinal plants, the EOs chemical profile usually very varies because of both intrinsic (sexual, seasonal, ontogenetic, and genetic variations) and extrinsic (ecological and environmental aspects) factors, also the EOs composition differs not only in the number and type of molecules but also in their stereochemical structures, and can be very different according to the extraction method. EOs represents a “green” alternative in the nutritional and pharmaceutical fields due to reported antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties thus, in recent times; EOs has gained great popularity as consumers have developed a particular ever-growing awareness toward the use of natural ingredients, especially in food and household. Therefore, the present review provides a comprehensive summary on the method of preparation of EOs from medicinal plants, chemical composition analysis, their biological and pharmacological effects and their potential benefits on health level. Present information was compiled using keywords “Essential oil, Medicinal Plants and Natural additive in scientific database as Science Direct, Elsevier, PubMed, Google scholar and SID, until 2005 to 2015. EOs have great antimicrobial activity and mostly destroy bacteria, fungi and viruses without harmful effects on consumer’s health. Finding of this study showed that the Thymol, α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Cumin Aldehyde, Carvacrol, Germacrene, Linalool were the main components. Also, EOs have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and many other pharmacological properties which enhance their potential application. EOs have potential biological and pharmacological activities and so have many applications in pharmaceutical and food industries.

Background: Candida auris is a globally emerging yeast pathogen that has shown not only resistance to most anti-fungal drugs but also thermo-tolerance to temperatures higher than the mammalian’s body temperature. Although it has been only a decade since the fungus was identified, its spread of infections has been rapid and quasi-epidemics have been reported. Co-occurrences of the fungus infections in all five continents are one of the strangest aspects of this fungus. All isolates, despite slight genetic differences, belong to a common genetic ancestor. However, different clades appear to have independent evolutionary paths. We have discussed the relationship between the acquired thermal tolerance of C. auris and the environmental temperature changes with the genetic affinities of the isolates.
Methods: This basic science survey was carried out at the Shiraz University of medical sciences from July to December 2019. Phylogenetic analysis was used to compare the temperature sensitivity of C. auris and the species with which it is genetically related. The sequences of Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the growth temperature ranges for C. auris and yeasts belonging to the Candida haemulonis complex as well as other environmental yeasts isolated from different geographical areas of the world were randomly selected and evaluated. Their phylogenetic relationship was investigated with the mapping of the phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences.

Background: The Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL) and the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB) are muscles of the posterior forearm compartment. variations in this area of the forearm are common and are usually diagnosed during surgery. Sometimes these variations are symptomatic and can be helpful in clinical procedures such as surgery. Diagnosis and identification of abnormalities can be used in academic studies to evaluate limb function. Reporting such variations is important in clinical practice and will help treat limb dysfunction. In this report, we report two cases of ECRL and ECRB muscle tendon variations in the upper third of the forearm.
Case presentation: During routine dissection of the body of a 70-year-old man fixed in 10% formalin in the Department of Biology and Anatomy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, two cases of ECRL and ECRB muscle tendon variations were observed in the upper third of the left forearm. The fascia of the ECRL and ECRB muscles were separated, and following the ECRL muscle from the external epicondyle of the humerus to the outer third of the forearm, we observed that the tendon of this muscle was divided into two branches. We also observed that the ECRB muscle tendon split into two branches slightly below its origin. The branch had moved obliquely toward the lower end of the radius. at the lower end of the forearm, this tendon was connected to the ECRL muscle tendon by passing over the sub-branch of the ECRL muscle tendon and the depth of the retinaculum extensor. The submandibular tendon was attached to the base of the second Metacarpal bone along with the ECRL muscle tendon. The main branch of this muscle also had its main path to the lower end of the forearm. The lower end of the forearm was connected to the dorsal base of the second and third metacarpals by passing under the retinaculum extensor.
Conclusion: Knowing these variations can help radiologists and surgeons in diagnosis and treatment.

Background: Given the limited resources of health system, economic evaluations studies can provide appropriate evidences for resource allocation by clarifying the possible consequences of a decision. Present study aimed to evaluate the implemented approaches for economic evaluation studies of pharmacoeconomic in Iran.
Methods: This study was carried out using the critical review method. All studies related to economic evaluation studies of pharmacoeconomic in Iran, indexed in PubMed and SID databases and Google Scholar search engine, were searched by using appropriate keywords and search strategies until 2021. Further, published papers from Iranian researchers in the field of health economics and pharmacoeconomics and pharmaceutical administration were extracted with the scientometric system of the Health Ministry. Then, retrieved papers were screened by title, abstract, and the whole text. Finally, papers were evaluated by applying the Drummond quality assessment checklist, and finally appropriate ones were selected. Finally, 29 papers were selected and analyzed.

Results: Out of total available papers (n=1324), 29 papers had inclusion criteria to evaluate. The selected papers were analyzed based on 10 parameters, including type of analysis, type of comparator, source of clinical effectiveness, time horizon, used model, perspective of the analysis, measured expected outcomes, discounting of costs and outcomes, sensitivity analysis, and subgroup analysis. Most studies have used cost utility analysis. Shortcomings were found in some aspects as follows: some studies did not mention the applied model, or the time horizon. Moreover, some studies had time horizon more than one year, while the cost and consequences were not discounted. Conclusion: In recent years, economic evaluation studies in the field of pharmacoeconomic in Iran have been center attention in line with global trend. In order to make a decision regarding the allocation of resources based on the findings of economic evaluation studies, these studies should be conducted with the systematic and transparent approach. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a standard framework for implementing and reporting the results of economic evaluation studies in Iran.

Background: Vascular traumas are among the important traumas, most of which lead to significant complications due to the lack of correct and timely diagnosis, considering the frequency of penetrating vascular injuries, especially in our country and Khuzestan province, as well as the complications and mortality caused by injuries. This study was designed to investigate the effect of vascular surgery intervention on patients with arterial injury of forearm trauma.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, all trauma patients suspected of penetrating forearm arterial injuries in terms of age, sex, type of trauma, location of trauma, type of intervention, location of arterial repair, angiographic and clinical findings including damaged arteries, type of injury Arterial fracture or dislocation. The proximity of vascular damage and the complications of surgical interventions are investigated.

Results: The results of this study showed that among the penetrating trauma patients requiring surgical intervention, 90.4% were men and only 6.9% were women. The average age of the patients was 32 years. The most frequent trauma requiring surgical intervention in this study was primary repair of a stab wound in the ulnar artery and the least was due to explosive. According to the obtained results, there was a statistically significant relationship between the amount of bleeding, the days of hospitalization and the duration of the operation with the type of trauma. The most damaged artery was ulnar artery 7.50% and the most type of arterial damage was arterial cut with active bleeding (7.39%). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the most damage was in the ulnar artery caused by trauma with sharp objects (knives). The incidence of complications in primary repair surgery was higher than other types of surgical interventions, and there was a statistically significant relationship between the amount of bleeding, days of hospitalization, and duration of surgery with the type of trauma.