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Showing 8 results for Effects
The effect of adding hyoscine to vaginal misoprostol on abortion induction success rate
Tehranian A, Beigishah F, Moini A, Arab M, Farzaneh F,
Volume 68, Issue 4 (7-2010)
Abstract
Background: Intravaginal misoprostol has been shown to be an effective agent forcervical ripening and induction of labor. The aim of present study was to assess the effects of adding hyoscine to vaginal misoprostol on its success rate. Methods: In a clinical trial, 74 women who were referred to undergo legal induction of labor during first pregnancy trimester in Arash Hospital, in Tehran, Iran, between March 2006 and March 2007 were enrolled, and were randomly divided in to two groups of misoprostol (400 μg/4h, vaginal) (n=37) or misoprostol (400 μg/4h, vaginal) plus hyoscine (20 mg IV) (n=37). Their complications including nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, need for analgesics, diarrhea, vaginal bleeding, decline in hemoglobin more than 3 g/dl, need for blood transfusion and failure of treatment according to the failure of induction of labor or cervical opening in 24 hours after starting treatment and the total duration of hospitalization were compared between groups. Results: There were no significant differences between groups regarding the rate of side effects like nausea, abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. In misoprostol plus hyoscine group, the success rate in abortion was significantly higher (40.5% vs. 18.9%, p=0.04) and total duration of hospitalization were significantly lower (1.16±0.41 vs. 1.42±0.45 days, p=0.01). There was no case of fever, need for blood transfusion or significant vaginal bleeding in both groups. Conclusions: Adding 20 mg hyoscine via IV rout to vaginal misoprostol will raise the success rate in induction of abortion, and decreases the total duration of hospitalization without adding adverse effects.
The effects of prenatal sound stress on the spatial learning and memory of rat's male offspring
Barzegar M, Talaei Zavareh Sa, Salami M,
Volume 68, Issue 10 (1-2011)
Abstract
Background: Numerous evidences indicate that various environmental stresses during pregnancy affect physiological behavior of the offspring. This experimental study was designed to investigate the effect of noise stress during prenatal period of rats on spatial learning and memory and plasma corticostrone level in postnatal life.
Methods: Three groups of pregnant rats were given daily noise stress with durations of two and/ or four hours in last week of pregnancy period. The fourth group was left unstressed. The male offspring from the unstressed and different stressed groups were assigned as controls and stressed groups. The animals were introduced to a spatial task in Morris water maze 4 trials/day for five consecutive days. The probe test was performed on the 5th day of the experiment. The delay in findings and the distance passed to locate the target platform were assessed as the spatial learning.
Results: Our results showed that prenatal exposure to noise stress for two and/ or four hours a day, leads to impaired acquisition of spatial learning in the postnatal animals. The plasma level of corticostrone in the two stressed groups of rats markedly matched with their behavioral function. Prenatal exposure to 1- hour noise stress revealed no effects on the offsprings' behavior and plasma corticostrone level.
Conclusion: Based on our study results, it seems that applied range of stress which is executed through the noise stress could increase the plasma corticostrone level and could decrease spatial learning and memory of adult male offspring.


Systemic side-effects of topical ophthalmic drops in a 17-year old boy candidate for deep viterectomy: a case report
Zahedi H, Maleki A,
Volume 70, Issue 4 (7-2012)
Abstract

Background: Drugs applied topically to the eye may be absorbed systemically to a substantial degree, with the potential to cause serious systemic side-effects. Children may be particularly vulnerable to systemic effects of topically applied agents as topical doses are often not weight-adjusted.

Case presentation: This article describes a case of serious systemic side-effect by the use of topical phenylephrine, tetracaine, tropicamide and atropine in a 17-year old boy candidate for deep viterectomy in Farabi Hospital in 1389. Following application of the aforesaid eye drops, the patient developed hypertension and subsequent loss of conciseness.

Conclusion: Several types of eye drops and their repeated use can lead to their systemic absorption and medical complications due to overdose. Strategies to minimize systemic absorption should be applied, including use of low concentrations of ophthalmic drugs, administration of one type of the drug, use of microdrops and punctal occlusion to minimize absorption via the nasolacrimal duct. While administering ophthalmic drops, one should take these precautions to minimize the systemic effects of the drugs to prevent subsequent complications.


Comparison of duloxetine and methylphenidate in the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Nasrin Dodangi , Nastaran Habibi ,
Volume 74, Issue 3 (6-2016)
Abstract

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and mostly chronic mental health condition that affects children, adolescents, and adults. Stimulants and atomoxetine are first-line agents for the treatment of ADHD. Despite the impressive track record of stimulants in the treatment of ADHD, they fail in 25% of patients due to lack of efficacy or the emergence of unwanted side effects. Accordingly, this study carried out to compare efficacy and safety of duloxetine (a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) and methylphenidate (a short acting stimulant) in the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Methods: Twenty-four children diagnosed with ADHD participated in this 6 weeks open clinical trial. Patients were between 6 to 11 years old that had been referred to psychiatry clinic at Akhavan and Rofide Medical and Rehabilitation Center in Tehran from September 2012 to July 2014. Diagnosis was made by two child psychiatrist according to DSM-IV TR criteria. Thirteen patients received duloxetine and others received methylphenidate. Conner’ parent rating scale-revised-short form (CPRS-RS) and ADHD-rating scale (ADHD-RS) were used at the beginning and then each two weeks to assess efficacy of treatment. Routine laboratory tests and electrocardiogram (ECG) was carried out in the beginning and end of the trial.

Results: Twenty children with ADHD completed the study (Ten in methylphenidate and ten in duloxetine group). In both groups, scales of CPRS-RS and ADHD-RS were reduced from baseline to endpoint, but this reduction in methylphenidate group was significantly greater than duloxetine group (P= 0.000). The most common side effect was gastrointestinal problems in duloxetine group and anorexia in methylphenidate group. No serious side effects and no changes in laboratory and ECG indexes were seen in both groups.

Conclusion: Duloxetine is not efficacious as well as methylphenidate in treatment of children with ADHD. Although more research are needed to achieve more accurate results.

Leukocytes and transfusion related adverse events: the effects of leuko-reduction process in the prevention of adverse reactions resulted from the transfusion of blood components: review article
Ehteramolsadat Hosseini , Amin Shahbaz Ghasabeh , Mehran Ghasemzadeh ,
Volume 75, Issue 2 (5-2017)
Abstract

Blood transfusion is commonly implemented to manage life and health-threatening conditions on a rapid and short-term basis. Over the years, ongoing technical advances have dramatically improved transfusion medicine to provide more safety and effectiveness. However, transfusion is still complicated with different adverse events that mainly induced by the presence of allogeneic leukocytes in the blood products. Several lines of evidence have shown that leukocytes in blood components are involved in the induction of febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTRs), HLA alloimmunization and platelet refractoriness as well as the increased risk of the infectious diseases transmitted by leukotropic viruses including cytomegalovirus (CMV), human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-I/II and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). During current decades, introducing various leuko-reduction techniques have shown to be associated with less transfusion related adverse events and improved clinical outcomes. The lower incidence and severity of febrile transfusion reactions; reduced risk of transfusion related transmission of CMV or other leukocyte-associated infections, lowered incidence of alloimmune platelet refractoriness in addition to reducing risk of mortality and morbidity in patients are considered as clinical benefits of leuko-reduced products. Currently, by the use of 3rd and 4th generation of filters, the highest levels of leukoreduction in blood components have been achieved. Filtration techniques have also the advantages of being performed shortly after preparation of components (pre-storage) or post-storage even at the patient’s bedside. However, it seems that pre-storage depletion of leukocytes provides better protection than post-storage techniques due to the elimination of leukocyte-derived cytokines effects which are increasingly released during storage. Particularly in platelet products, the earlier depletion of leukocyte also favors less platelet-induced leukocyte activation which may be triggered by the interaction between either activated platelets or their released chemokines and residual leukocytes during storage. Despite the benefits attributed to leukoreduction of blood components, the global use of leukoreduced products is commonly hampered by its high cost especially in developing countries in which leukoreduction of blood components is usually limited to some patients with special conditions. In this review, after briefly introducing of some transfusion adverse events that are attributed to allogeneic leukocytes existed in blood products, the effects of leukoreduction process in the attenuation of these events will be discussed.


Essential oils as natural medicinal substances: review article
Ehsan Aali , Razzagh Mahmoudi , Masoud Kazeminia , Reza Hazrati , Farzin Azarpey ,
Volume 75, Issue 7 (10-2017)
Abstract
Herbal essential oils are volatile, natural, complex compounds formed by medicinal plants as secondary metabolites. As reported by international organization for standardization (ISO), the term "essential oils" (EOs) is defined for a product obtained from vegetable raw materials or fruit using distillation with water or steam. The EOs are generally complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds include hydrocarbons (terpenes and sesquiterpenes) and oxygenated compounds (alcohols, esters, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, lactones, phenols, and phenol ethers) compounds. In medicinal plants, the EOs chemical profile usually very varies because of both intrinsic (sexual, seasonal, ontogenetic, and genetic variations) and extrinsic (ecological and environmental aspects) factors, also the EOs composition differs not only in the number and type of molecules but also in their stereochemical structures, and can be very different according to the extraction method. EOs represents a “green” alternative in the nutritional and pharmaceutical fields due to reported antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties thus, in recent times; EOs has gained great popularity as consumers have developed a particular ever-growing awareness toward the use of natural ingredients, especially in food and household. Therefore, the present review provides a comprehensive summary on the method of preparation of EOs from medicinal plants, chemical composition analysis, their biological and pharmacological effects and their potential benefits on health level. Present information was compiled using keywords “Essential oil, Medicinal Plants and Natural additive in scientific database as Science Direct, Elsevier, PubMed, Google scholar and SID, until 2005 to 2015. EOs have great antimicrobial activity and mostly destroy bacteria, fungi and viruses without harmful effects on consumer’s health. Finding of this study showed that the Thymol, α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Cumin Aldehyde, Carvacrol, Germacrene, Linalool were the main components. Also, EOs have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and many other pharmacological properties which enhance their potential application. EOs have potential biological and pharmacological activities and so have many applications in pharmaceutical and food industries.

Drug utilization evaluation of high-dose methotrexate in a cancer center in north of Iran
Shadi Khazaei, Shahrbanoo Keyhanian , Mahila Monajati , Shahram Ala, Ebrahim Salehifar ,
Volume 75, Issue 9 (12-2017)
Abstract
Background: Methotrexate (MTX) is commonly used in the hematology-oncology units and is frequently associated with adverse effects. High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) is indicated in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), osteosarcoma, systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma and primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. The side effect profile of MTX varies markedly according to dose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the uses and adverse effects of HDMTX in a cancer center in north of Iran.
Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in Emam Sajjad Hospital, Ramsar, Iran from June 2016 to July 2017. Doses more than 500 mg/m2 of MTX was considered as a high-dose. Hydration status, evaluation of the renal and hepatic function, blood tests, urine pH, doses and frequencies of leucovorin administration, measurement of serum levels of MTX and side effects were evaluated. Recommendations of UpToDate 2017 were considered as standards of administration of HDMTX.
Results: Forty-four courses of HDMTX were evaluated in this study. HDMTX were prescribed for lymphoma (30 cases), ALL (8 cases) and osteosarcoma (6 cases). In all patients, hydration was done with 1340.9±894 normal saline plus 25 ml sodium bicarbonate 8.4%, one to two hours before HDMTX. The solution used for dilution of MTX was 5% dextrose (1022.7±105.5 ml). Urine pH was not measured in any patient. The frequency of leucovorin administration was 5.64±3.03 times with doses of 17.6±1.7 mg/m2 every 6 hours. Serum levels of MTX were not measured in any patient. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine measurement was carried out before administration of HDMTX in all patients. The most common adverse effects were nausea (64.4%), anxiety (44%) and headache (43.2%).
Conclusion: The appropriate aspects of HDMTX usage were good hydration, urine alkalinization with bicarbonate and administration of leucovorin in patients receiving HDMTX, whereas monitoring of serum levels of MTX and administration of bicarbonate based on urinary pH were not done in any of the patients.
 

Comparison of dosimetric and radiobiological effects of various IMRT techniques regarding to joint volume between target tissue and organs at risk in prostate cancer patients
Amin Banaei, Bijan Hashemi, Mohsen Bakhshandeh, Bahram Mofid,
Volume 77, Issue 2 (5-2019)
Abstract
Background: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is one of the most usable methods in prostate radiotherapy that is used with different techniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the dosimetric and radiobiological effects of prostate IMRT techniques regarding to joint volume between the target tissue and organs at risk as a patients anatomical parameter.
Methods: This research was a cross-sectional, analytical, and quantitative study that was carried out from April 2016 to June 2018 at the radiotherapy and oncology center of Shoheday-e-Tajrish Hospital and Medical Physics Department of Tarbiat Modarres University Tehran, Iran. Four various prostate IMRT techniques (9, 7 and 5 fields and automatic) were planned on 63 prostate cancer patients CT scans. Radiobiological effects were calculated using Relative Seriality model for the organs at risk (bladder and rectum) and target tissue. Results of mentioned prostate IMRT techniques were compared based on the patient’s anatomical parameter. 
Results: For the patients with joint volumes ranged from 0 to 15%, statistical differences were not observed among various IMRT techniques. The tumor control probability and complication free tumor control probability values decreased as a function of joint volume. The normal tissue complication probability value increased as a function of joint volume. The 9 and 7 fields IMRT techniques had not any significant differences (P=0.06) in all of the joint volume ranges. In patients with the joint volumes higher than 30%, the 9 and 7 fields techniques showed significantly better radiobiological values in comparison with 5 fields and automatic techniques (P=0.009).
Conclusion: In the patients with lower percentage of joint volume, all the mentioned prostate IMRT techniques showed same radiobiological effects; however, in the patients with higher joint volume percentages (> 30%), the 9 and 7 fields techniques have better results. It is proposed to use the 7 fields technique instead of the 9 fields technique, especially in prostate cancer cases with high uncertainty in patients’ setup.

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