Showing 3 results for Glandular
Mowlavi A A,
Volume 65, Issue 3 (6-2007)
Abstract
Background: Accurate computation of the radiation dose to the breast is essential to mammography. Various the thicknesses of breast, the composition of the breast tissue and other variables affect the optimal breast dose. Furthermore, the glandular fraction, which refers to the composition of the breasts, as partitioned between radiation-sensitive glandular tissue and the adipose tissue, also has an effect on this calculation. Fatty or fibrous breasts would have a lower value for the glandular fraction than dense breasts. Breast tissue composed of half glandular and half adipose tissue would have a glandular fraction in between that of fatty and dense breasts. Therefore, the use of a computational code for average glandular dose calculation in mammography is a more effective means of estimating the dose of radiation, and is accurate and fast.
Methods: In the present work, the Sobol-Wu beam quality parameters are used to write a FORTRAN code for glandular dose calculation in molybdenum anode-molybdenum filter (Mo-Mo), molybdenum anode-rhodium filter (Mo-Rh) and rhodium anode-rhodium filter (Rh-Rh) target-filter combinations in mammograms. The input parameters of code are: tube voltage in kV, half-value layer (HVL) of the incident x-ray spectrum in mm, breast thickness in cm (d), and glandular tissue fraction (g).
Results: The average glandular dose (AGD) variation against the voltage of the mammogram X-ray tube for d = 4 cm, HVL = 0.34 mm Al and g=0.5 for the three filter-target combinations, as well as its variation against the glandular fraction of breast tissue for kV=25, HVL=0.34, and d=4 cm has been calculated. The results related to the average glandular absorbed dose variation against HVL for kV = 28, d=4 cm and g= 0.6 are also presented. The results of this code are in good agreement with those previously reported in the literature.
Conclusion: The code developed in this study calculates the glandular dose quickly, and it is complete and accurate. Furthermore, it is user friendly and useful for dose optimizing in mammography imaging.
Behtash N, Fakhrejahani F, Khafaf A, Ghayouri Azar E,
Volume 65, Issue 3 (6-2007)
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between atypical glandular cell (AGC) on Pap smear and significant pathologic finding to tailor management protocols.
Methods: Between 2002 and 2005, Among 26893 Pap smears 122 women with AGC Pap smears (prevalence=0.45%) were referred to our colposcopy clinic. Forty one women underwent colposcopy directed biopsy, endocervical curettage, endometrial sampling and cervical conization to determine the cytologic and histologic correlations of AGC on pap smears.
Results: A total of 122 women with AGC Pap smear were found. Only 41 women accepted to participate in the study and followed the workup procedures. The mean age of the patients was 46.92 ±11.48 years (range, 23-80 years). Of these patients 13 patients (31.7%) were post menopause and 28 patients (68.2%) were in reproductive age.
We found 13 (31.7%) significant pathologic findings including 4 (9.7%) high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HG-SIL), 3(7.3%) low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LG-SIL), 2(4.8%) Endometrial hyperplasia, 1(2.4%) Endometrial adenocarci-noma, 1(2.4%) adenocarcinoma of cervix, 1(2.4%) squamous cell carcinoma of cervix and 1(2.4%) papillary serous tumor of ovary. There was not any significant difference in the prevalence of significant pathologic findings and subtype of squamous or adenomatous lesions between pre and postmenopausal group.
Conclusion: AGC on Pap smear was associated with a clinically significant diagnosis in approximately one third of our cases. The women with a diagnosis of AGC on cervicovaginal smear are needed to be evaluated at least with colposcopy, endocervical and endometrial curettage. Clinicians should be careful about the significance of AGC in pap smears.
Izadi-Mood N, Sarmadi S, Heydari-Farzan F, Haeri H, Forouhesh-Tehrani Z,
Volume 69, Issue 4 (7-2011)
Abstract
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Background: Cancer of uterine cervix is the second cause of death in women in the world and
the most common cause in developing countries. Because the majority of women with
invasive cervical cancer of the uterine have not previously undergone screening,
many clinicians assume that Pap smear has a high degree of accuracy but
problems such as false positive and false negative interpretations, as well as interobserver
variability have questioned its validity.
Methods : We retrieved 162 positive cervical
smears that had been originally interpreted as ASC-US, ASC-H,
LSIL, HSIL, SCC, AGC and adenocarcinoma from the cytology archives
of Women's Hospital in Tehran, Iran. The slides were rescreened by an
experienced pathologist and reclassified in the mentioned categories. All the 162
slides were reviewed by three more pathologists in a blind study using
interpretative criteria utilized in their daily routine to evaluate
interobserver reproducibility. To increase the level of interobserver
agreement, the diagnostic categories were reduced to squamous Vs.
glandular abnormalities and invasive (SCC
and adenocarcinoma) Vs.
non-invasive abnormalities.
Results : The results obtained in this study indicated slight interobserver agreement (k=0.26).
The most reproducible category was the invasive category (SCC
in addition to adenocarcinoma) and the least agreement was seen for HSIL
(k=0.19).
Conclusion: This study showed that reproducibility of cytological interpretation of
conventional Pap smears varies among interpretive categories and the overall interobserver
agreement is slight. Since convening on the reduction of interobserver
discrepancy in Pap smear interpretations necessitates more reliable information
of interpretative variability, larger studies need to be undertaken.
