Showing 6 results for Malaria
Doosti S, Basseri H.r, Nategh Pour M, Akbarzadeh K, Ladoni H, Shaeghi M,
Volume 64, Issue 12 (11-2006)
Abstract
Background: Although there have been many studies on the role of mosquitoes in malarial transmission, the biology and interaction of plasmodium with its host is still not completely known. The aim of this study was primarily to follow the sporogony cycle of Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles stephensi mysorensis and then to explore the inhibitory effects of certain carbohydrates on parasitic development.
Methods: In a restricted insectary, An. stephensi were fed blood containing gametocytes from donor malaria patients. The development of plasmodium was followed by dissecting the infected mosquitoes and taking a smear at different time intervals. Other groups of Anopheles were fed infected blood plus one of the following carbohydrates: N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetyl-galactosamine, arabinose, fucose, manose, lactose or galactose.
Results: Exflagellation occurred at 5 minutes after the blood meal and then ookinet was observed at 20 hours, while oocysts and sporozoites appeared in days 8 to 12. The results indicate that An. stephensi strain mysorensis has can transfer P. vivax extremely well. Furthermore, the development of P. vivax was completed in the mosquitoes that had been fed with N-acetyl-glucosamine, arabinose, fucose and galactose. In contrast, lactose, mannose and N-acetyl-galactosamine interrupted the life cycle of the parasite.
Conclusion: The sugars lactose, mannose and N-acetyl-galactosamine have an inhibitory role in of oocyst and sporozoite development. Therefore, the results of this study can be used as basic information for inhibiting malarial transmission.
Shemshad K, Oshaghi Ma, Yaghoobi-Ershadi Mr, Vatandoost H, Abaie Mr, Akbarzadeh K, Telmadarraiy Z, Rafi-Nejad J, Derakhshandeh Paykar P,
Volume 65, Issue 1 (3-2008)
Abstract
Background: Malaria is still one of the main health problems in south and southeast provinces of Iran and recently on average 10,000-30,000 malaria cases were reported annually. Mosquitoes of Anopheles superpictus are one of the main malaria vectors in Iran and have been reported from all areas of the country including central plateau and plains of Alborz and Zagrous Mountains chains, and with low numbers in shore plains of the Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea. There are variations in larval and adult morphological characters and also in vectorial capacity of this species in different areas of Iran.
Methods: This study has been conducted to investigate rate of mtDNA variation among various populations of this species in Iran. The sequence variation of an 1512 bp length of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase subunits 1 and 2 (COI-COII) and an 708 bp sequences of COI gene were analyzed by PCR-RFLP and PCR-direct sequencing respectively.
Results: This study showed that there are considerable variations between and within populations. Rate of variation was 12.3 % between populations and this was 2-5% for within Baluchistan population. Totally 4 haplotypes were observed between populations where 3 occur in Baluchistan and one in other places.
Conclusion: This is the first report on existence of various haplotypes in An. superpictus in science, and presumably this species comprising siblings and is a species complex. Further studies need to confirm this result and to determine the relationship between mtDNA haplotypes and their role in malaria transmission in each locality.
Shemshad K, Oshaghi1 Ma, Yaghoobi-Ershadi Mr, Vatandoost1 H, Abaie Mr, Zarei Z, Faghih Naini F, Jedari M,
Volume 65, Issue 8 (11-2007)
Abstract
Background: Anopheles superpictus is one of the main malaria vectors in Iran. The mosquitoes of this species are found throughout the Iranian plateau up to 2000 meters above sea level in the Alborz Mountains, south of the Zagros Mountains, and in the plains near the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf. It has been reported that different geographical populations of An. superpictus play different roles in malaria transmission. Based on the presence or absence of a black spot/band on the apical segment of the female maxillary palpi, two morphological forms have been reported in this species. This work has been conducted to study other morphological features as well as the genetic structure of these two forms of An. superpictus in Iran.
Methods: The different morphological characteristics of 35 different populations were observed and recorded. An 887 bp portion of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) was amplified and assayed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using 18 enzymes and PCR-direct sequencing techniques.
Results: Among the morphological characteristics studied, there are significant differences between the two forms with regard to the length of the palp light band (p<0.01), wing length (p<0.5), and the distance from the branching point of the II/IV veins to the tip of the wing (p<0.05). Results also revealed that these two forms are sympatric in most localities of Iran. RFLP analysis and sequences of about 710 bp of the gene showed that there was great variation between and/or within the populations, but these variations were not associated with the morphological forms.
Conclusion: This is the first comprehensive study on the morphological and molecular characteristics of An. superpictus in the literature. To determine the role of these morphological forms or genetic haplotypes in malaria transmission, further molecular, cytological, morphological, and epidemiological studies are necessary.
Nateghpour M M, Edrissian Gh, Torabi A, Raesi A, Motevalli-Haghi H, Abed-Khojasteh N, Ghobakhlo N,
Volume 67, Issue 3 (6-2009)
Abstract
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Background: Malaria is an
important parasitic vector-borne disease with considerable infectivity and
world-wide distribution. Since prevalence of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium
falciparum at the malarious areas such as Iran
and reliable reports from many countries indicating emergence of chloroquine-
resistant strains of P.vivax, this study was conducted to monitor the
current response of vivax and falciparum plasmodia to chloroquine
in Bandar-Abbas district, a malarious area in Iran.
Methods: The study was
conducted at the Bandar-Abbas district in Hormozgan province, Iran. 123 patients were
enrolled and considered. The patients were treated with a standard 3-day regimen of
chloroquine and were followed-up clinically and parasitologically. The results
were interpreted as mean parasite clearance time (MPCT) in P. vivax and early
treatment failure (ETF), late treatment failure (LTF) and adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) in P. falciparum.
Results: The patients with
vivax malaria were responded to the regimen of chloroquine within 24-216 hours. Most cases of
the parasite clearance time occurred at 48 hours (50.40%), and less of them at 120, 168, 192 and 216 hours with 0.81% for each of them. MPCT in this study was
calculated as 61.07 (±26/47) hours for all of the patients. 33.33% and 66.66% of the patients with falciparum malaria
were found at ACPR
and LTF groups, respectively.
Conclusion: This study confirms the efficacy of chloroquine on P.vivax.
The extended parasite clearance time in a number of patients may be an early
sign for reduced susceptibility of P.vivax to chloroquine in the studied
areas. Most of the patients with falciparum malaria (66.66%)
considered in this study did not respond to the regimen of chloroquine because
of chloroquine- resistance in P.falciparum at the area.
Mahboobeh Hajabdolbaghi , Hamid Emadi Kochack , Mohammad Reza Salehi , Seyed Ali Dehghan Manshadi, Mehdi Usefipour , Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi ,
Volume 73, Issue 4 (7-2015)
Abstract
Background: One of the main reasons of hemorrhagic fevers is Ebola. The high rate of mortality and lack of definite treatment have been caused this infection to be a serious problem in the world. Ebola, especially in the early stages, when causes symptoms such as fever, anorexia and nausea, can be confused with malaria infection and conversely, severe malaria with Ebola. Plasmodium falciparum is an important cause of severe malaria that more than other types of plasmodium confused with Ebola.
Case presentation: The patient is a 54-year-old man who had gone to Sudan about 8 months ago. The patient reported that fever, chills and headache had been started one week before traveling from Sudan to Iran and hematuria was added to his symptoms in third week of illness in Iran. He was referred to the emergency department with probable diagnosis of Ebola. Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes were revealed in his peripheral blood smear. Finally, he was treated with Coartem (artemether/lumefantrine) for malaria and after clinical improvement discharged to home with good condition.
Conclusion: Ebola should be suspected in every patient with fever and a history of traveling to endemic areas. Considering the fact that in most areas where Ebola is endemic also malaria is common, lack of clinical suspicion to malaria causes that clinicians mistake malaria with Ebola. Necessary laboratory tests to rule out important differential diagnoses in patients with suspected Ebola virus contains: Peripheral blood smear for malarial parasite and blood culture and blood cell counts to investigate typhoid fever and other bacterial infections. Therefore, malaria should be considered as an important differential diagnosis in every patient suspected with Ebola.
Salman Daliri , Khairollah Asadollahi , Nazila Rahimi, Kourosh Sayehmiri ,
Volume 75, Issue 9 (12-2017)
Abstract
Background: The deficiency of enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is among the most common genetic diseases in human. The deficiency of G6PD enzyme is one of the most common encountered enzymes, affecting about 400 million people and causing a wide range of undesirable clinical complications worldwide. The performed studies have reported a variety of statements about the relationship between malaria and survival of people with defect, but these kinds of studies are limited in Iran. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of G6PD deficiency among newborns in malarious areas of Fars province.
Methods: The present study was conducted ecologically and descriptively-analytically on 59745 neonates with G6PD deficiency in Fars province, Iran from April 2011 to March 2015. To determine the defect, a point fluorescence test and Kimia commercial kit (KimiaPajoohan Co., Tehran, Iran) were used. To determine the areas with malaria, factors associated with malaria-causing cells in Fars province, including the presence of carriers, the presence of malaria, the incidence of new malaria and the presence of malaria activated sites were studied. The incidence of defect was calculated using the statistical method of estimating the annual incidence rate. ArcGIS software, version 10.3 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA) was used to provide geographic mappings and distribution patterns in malarious areas.
Results: The total incidence of G6PD deficiency in newborns was estimated as 15.58 per 100 live births, including 16.25 for boys and 14.85 for girls. The incidence of this defect in malaria-prone areas was higher than other areas. As a region was more malaria-prone, the incidence of G6PD deficiency increased too, which was statistically significant (P= 0.039).
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, Fars province is among areas with high incidence of G6PD deficiency. The incidence of G6PD deficiency in malaria-prone areas of Fars province, Iran, is higher than other regions, which indicates better survival of patients against malaria in the past.
