Eftekhar T, Akhoondzadeh S, Ghanbari Z, Iranshahr R, Haghollahi F,
Volume 67, Issue 2 (5-2009)
Abstract
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Background: Mood
disturbances, such as anxiety, depression and psychological distress, are
common among women in menopausal period. Effect of long term estrogen
replacement on post menopausal mood
disturbances is curative but specifical studies has not done on the effects of
vaginal hormonal therapy in mood disturbances in menopause. The aim of this
study was objectives to clarify the effect extended by Hormon Replacement Therapy
(HRT) in improving post menopausal mood disturbances.
Methods: In a single
blinded clinical trial, the effects of a four months application of vaginal
esterogen (premarin) versus placebo (n=20) in each groups were evaluated on
mood status and sexual satisfaction, using the Hamilton depression score (HDS
score), and self assessment of sexual function and pleasure. Four months after
treatment completion (half applicator of nightly vaginal premarin or lubricant
vaginally) collected and analyzed with Statistical tests.
Results: Decline of
the mean HDS scores (depression score) was observed in the premarin group. The
mean HDS score (depression) after vaginal premarin decreased from (14.6±4.7) to
(3.4±2.3). (p≤0.001) also, The HDS score in placebo group increased from (10.6±3.1)
to (11±3.3), that significant difference between two groups before and after
treatment is seen. (p≤0.01). Vaginal premarin induced a greater improvement of HDS
score (p≤0.006). Mean anxiety score decreased after vaginal premarin (p≤0.000),
but is not significant difference in placebo group. (p=0.08). Sexual
Satisfaction in Vaginal premarin group is significantly higher (p≤0.001).
Conclusions: Vaginal
Estrogene directly or indirectly improved menopausal related mood and sleep
disturbances, increased and sexual satisfaction.
Tahereh Motevalizadeh, Fatemeh Rezaei, Khosro Sadegh Niat Haghighi , Mohammad Ali Sepahvandi ,
Volume 81, Issue 3 (6-2023)
Abstract
Background: Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder that is associated with cortical hyperexcitability. Potentially transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modifies the cortical state related to insomnia. Therefore, we hypothesized that by using tDCS the intensity of insomnia can be reduced, followed by improvement of the mood symptoms.
Methods: This study was an experimental design with a pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical sample included 32 females with chronic insomnia that were randomly divided into an experimental group (active stimulation) and a control group (sham stimulation). Transcranial direct current with an intensity of 2 mA was applied for 30 minutes during 12 sessions (three times in the week) in the active stimulation group. In this protocol, anodal stimulation of left Superior temporal gyrus (STG) and cathodal stimulation of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and left secondary motor cortex (SMA). In the control group, sham stimulation was performed for 30 minutes during 12 sessions (three times in the week). The participants were evaluated before and after of the intervention using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS).
Results: The findings of this research showed that the application of transcranial direct current stimulation was effective in reducing the severity of insomnia and improving positive and negative affect (P<0.001, F=19.87). The value of this effect (eta2) in the severity of insomnia, negative mood and positive mood is 0.64, 0.34 and 0.6 respectively.
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the implementation of our designed tDCS protocol for the treatment of insomnia, significantly reduced the intensity of insomnia in women with chronic insomnia and improved their mood symptoms. |
