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Volume 60, Issue 5 (8-2002)
Myocardial infarction sequel of coronary artery diseases, can be sometimes asymptomatic, called silent myocardial infarction. Some risk factors predispose the patients to this condition. In this study, we intend to determine the predisposing factors in such patients.
Methods and Materials: We included those patients with electrocardiogram changes, consistent with myocardial infarction, who had not any symptoms of ischemia or a previous history of coronary artery disease, consulted for preoperative work up of eye surgery during the year 2000.
Results: We analyzed 100 patients with the diagnosis of silent myocardial infarction. (59 males and 41 females). Among our patients. 99 percent were above age 50 years of age. Their mean age at the time of study was 69.7 years. 78 percent of patients were illiterate. In 41 of them body mass index was above the normal limits (overweight and obese). Their past medical history revealed that 46 patients had hypertension, 38 patients had hyper-lipidemia. and 26 patients had diabetes mellitus. Also, a positive family history of coronary artery disease was seen in 52 percent of the patients. The rate of cigarette smokers and opium addicts, among our patients, was 33 and 13 percents. respectively. Analysis of electrocardiogram changes, showed that 43 patients had inferior myocardial infarction, 24 had antero-septal. and 17 of them suffered from anterior myocardial infarction.
Conclusion: Almost all of our patients with silent myocardial infarction were in old age group. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, overweight, hyper-lipidemia, and a positive family history of coronary artery disease were the most important predisposing factors, found in such patients, thus taking into account these predisposing factors and control of them would dramatically reduce the prevalence of morbidity and mortality of silent myocardial infarction.
Volume 64, Issue 3 (5-2006)
Background: coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most important causes of mortality around the world. The mortality rate in acute myocardial infarction is about 30%. CAD risk factors change with time and there are very few studies in this field in Iran. These changes may be due to bio-environmental conditions. In this study our objective was to track these changes during a ten years period.
Methods: This study was done in three general hospitals of Tehran University of medical sciences on patients with first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in years 1371 and 1381. Demographic and specific data were obtained from patient data sheets. Comparison of means was done by t-test and prevalence of risk factors by chi-square test.
Results: Two hundred fifty eight patients in 1371 and 289 patients in 1381 were admitted to three university hospitals due to acute myocardial infarction for the first time. The mean age of women with AMI decreased 4 years (P=0.022). No significant change was seen in other coronary risk factors. We also observed a significant increase in prevalence of myocardial infarction in women with three risk factors (P=0.01).
Conclusion: We found no significant change in the age of male patients and in the CAD risk factors in 1371 and 1381. Mean age of occurrence of AMI in female shows a four-year decrease during this period. More studies are needed to find reasons for this change.
Volume 66, Issue 12 (3-2009)
Background: The postmortem diagnosis of early myocardial infarction is a perplexing affair in forensic pathology. The routine evaluations of autopsied hearts including macroscopic examination and study of H&E stained sections are often not contributory. Some other methods like electron microscopy need sophisticated equipments which are not available in all pathology laboratories.
Methods: In an attempt to find a more reliable and less labor- intensive method, we have studied the diagnostic value of cardiac troponin- T by an optimized immunohistochemical method on 67 autopsied hearts in Legal Medicine Organization of Iran. The cases were divided into three groups: the positive group composed of cases with the definite diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) as the cause of death the non-cardiac death group and finally the suspicious group which consisted of cases with high probability of early myocardial infarction, however without definite evidence of MI on the routine histopathologic studies. In stained sections, the degree of troponin T depletion was scored.
Results: With our proposed cut off, this test showed positive results in 19 out of 22 cases in MI group (86.4%), none of the 17 cases of non-cardiac death (100% specificity), and 15 out of 28 cases of suspicious group (53.6%).
Conclusions: This relatively easy method may increase the sensitivity of routine histopathologic methods in postmortem detection of early myocardial infarction. Additionally, this method does not require a particular preparation and can be done very easily on the archival paraffin blocks available in pathology departments whenever further evaluation is deemed necessary by the pathologist.
Volume 69, Issue 8 (11-2011)
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Background: Previous studies were suggestive of a good prognosis in patients
with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and absence of any critical stenosis in coronary angiography but recent
limited reports have revealed that patients with non-obstructive acute coronary
syndrome are at a higher risk of future clinical coronary events.
Methods : A concurrent prospective cohort study was designed and 146 male patients with ACS and non-obstructive coronary
artery disease were regarded as the unexposed group, while 191 female patients with non-obstructive
coronary artery disease were regarded as the exposed group. Coronary events were
recorded within one year of follow-up. Prognostic factors were evaluated at
baseline by using a standardized protocol.
Results : Of the 337 patients with ACS, 191 (56.6%) were female. Coronary events in female patients after one year of
follow-up were: ST EMI 3 (1.6%), unstable angina pectoris 22 (11.5%),
Q-wave MI
1 (0.5%) and no syncope. In male patients the outcomes
were: ST EMI 4 (2.7%), unstable angina pectoris 29 (19.9%),
Q-wave MI 1
(0.7%), and syncope 1 (0.7%). Multivariate adjusted
relationships revealed that physical inactivity (P=0.035),
dyslipidemia (P=0.001), low ankle brachial
index (P=0.024) and
age between 40-50 years (P=0.004) were significantly associated with coronary events in women. In
male patients, body mass index of 30-39.99
(P=0.011) was associated with a higher
rate of ST-segment elevated MI.
Conclusion: Prognostically,
coronary events and clinical endpoints were significantly different between men
and women with acute coronary syndrome. Persistence of symptoms over one year seems
to relate to the development and progression of coronary atherosclerosis.
Volume 70, Issue 11 (2-2013)
Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may been associated with high-er risk of cardiac events during this procedure. The goal of this study was to compare high dose atorvastatin therapy with low dose atorvastatin therapy 24 hours before PCI to a reduction in Peri- percutaneous coronary intervention myocardial infarction.
Methods: One hundred ninety patients with stable angina were enrolled in a randomiz-ed controlled clinical trial study. All patients received low dose atorvastatin. The patients scheduled for elective PCI were randomized to atorvastatin (80 mg/d, n=95) or placebo (n=95) within 24 hours before the procedure. Creatine kinase-MB, troponin I, and high sensitive C- reactive protein levels were measured at baseline and at 6 and 12 hours after the procedure. PCI related myocardial infarction was defined as increasing of Creatine kinase-MB or troponin I three times compared with values before procedure.
Results: Myocardial infarction was detected after coronary intervention in 4.2% of patients in the atorvastatin group and in 13.7% of those in the placebo group (P=0.022). Mean of changed levels of Creatine kinase-MB (0.7±0.5 versus 3.3±1.9 ng/mL, P<0.001), troponin I (0.1±0.2 versus 0.4±0.7 ng/mL, P=0.052) and hs-CRP (0.1±0.5 versus 1±0.9 ng/mL, P<0.001) were significantly lower in the statin than in the placebo group.
Conclusion: Pretreatment with high dose atorvastatin within 24 hours before elective percutaneous coronary intervention significantly reduces procedural myocardial infarct-tion in elective coronary intervention.
Volume 75, Issue 3 (6-2017)
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of death in the world that is mostly due to vascular disease. Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most lethal form of coronary heart disease Which is increasing in developing countries. This study was done to calculate and compare lost years of life due to death and disability for the most important cause of death (myocardial infarction) in the studied population.
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Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Urmia university of Medical Sciences in Western Azerbaijan Province, Iran during 2012 to 2013. Confirmation of the occurrence of myocardial Infarction in hospitalized patients was based on clinical symptoms, changes in electrocardiogram and increases of cardiac enzymes (CK-M Band Troponin). The burden of health from Myocardial Infarction was calculated- using the disability adjusted life years index (DALY). The morbidity data of MI was collected from myocardial infarction Registration System Department of Health, and mortality data were extracted based on death registration ICD10 (I 20-25). Results: The total occurrence of MI was 7235 patients (60.6% men and 39.4% women) with the mean ages of 69±15 years. Number of disability adjusted life years (DALY) caused by MI was 53804 years (17.7 per thousand people) and the portion of early death Years of Life Lost (YLL) due to premature death was 52170 years (17.1 per thousand people), and Years of Life Lost (YLD) due to disability resulting from the disease was 1634 years (0.54 per thousand people). The disease burden in men was more than in women, and the greatest burden was in the age group of 80 and above in both sexes. Prevalence rate of the MI was estimated 376 (Per hundred thousand people) and the MI accounted for 18.8% of all causes of death. |
Conclusion: The high burden of myocardial infarction, especially in men, raises the incidence of Myocardial Infarction a health priority and the need for proper planning in order to take effective measures for the prevention and treatment.
Volume 76, Issue 6 (9-2018)
Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis that was conducted in Iran University of Medical Sciences in September 2017. We searched the MEDLINE, Cochrane Library (DARE-EED-HTA, Web of Science and EMBASE (1980 to March 2017) with number of strategies by the words “myocardial infarction, heart infarction, streptokinase, tenecteplase” in combination with other names of drugs and brands for clinical effectiveness. We hand searched US, European, and Iranian cardiovascular journals. Clinical trials and related observational studies in one of the Persian, English and Korean languages were included in this study. Two review authors independently assessed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCT studies eligibility and quality, and extracted the data using data extraction form for interventions reviews. We cross-checked and resolved discrepancies by discussion to reach consensus. Finally, the data were entered to the Review Manager, Version 5.3 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Cochrane Collaboration, 2014, Copenhagen, Denmark), and then the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test (CMH) were used to analyzed the data. The I2 test has been used to calculate the Heterogeneity.
Results: We included 4 observational studies. Observational study assessment by strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) checklist and quality was high described. All studies entered the final analysis after the quality assessment. All studies reported mortality. In the meta-analysis of mortality, three studies with a sample of 812 people entered. No difference was observed between tenecteplase and streptokinase in the risk of mortality (RR=0.45, CI 95%: 0.20-1.03, P=0.40), hypotension (RR=1.86, CI 95%: 0.53-6.49, P=0.33), bleeding (RR=1.40, CI 95%: 0.49-3.99, P=0.53), and no difference was observed in the ST Segment resolution >50% (P=0.81).
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the effectiveness and safety of streptokinase are similar to the tenecteplase drug.
Volume 77, Issue 9 (12-2019)
Methods: This descriptive and analytic study was performed on patients with acute MI, unstable angina, and normal coronary function visiting Imam Ali Hospital of Kermanshah city in Iran, during years 2016 to 2017. Data collection was done from December 2017 to March 2018. Of the patients who met inclusion criteria, 120 were selected by accessible sampling and were allocated into three groups. Serum level of PTH was determined in the three groups.
Results: Among the studied subjects, females and males comprised 43 (35.8%) and 77 (64.2%) respectively. Among those with normal coronary function, 22 (55%) and 18 (45%) were females and males respectively. In acute MI group, women and men comprised 8 (20%), and 32 (80%) respectively. Finally, males and females constituted 13 (32.5%) and 27 (67.5%) in unstable angina group. Based on this study, the overall mean serum PTH level was obtained 18.32 pg/ml. The highest PTH level was observed in individuals with normal coronary function, while the lowest level was recorded in patients with unstable angina. There was a significant difference in mean serum parathyroid hormone levels between the study groups in those with no history of smoking.
Conclusion: Our results indicated that parathyroid hormone serum level can be associated with cardiovascular diseases including unstable angina. There were significant differences in the means of parathyroid hormone level between the studied groups depending on the presence or absence of hyperlipidemia. In vitro evaluation of parathyroid hormone level in suspected subjects should be performed in the case of myocardial infarction, unstable angina and normal coronary, prevented from these diseases by testing.
Volume 79, Issue 10 (1-2022)
Background: In patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred reperfusion therapy. Timely primary PCI is essential in improving the clinical outcomes of these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors affecting balloon delay in STEMI treated patients by primary PCI and its relationship with major adverse cardiac events (MACE).
Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted on 143 cases of STEMI patients, who had the inclusion criteria and were treated by primary PCI, after obtaining written consent in Imam Khomeini hospital in Ahvaz, between May 2019 to May 2020. All-time components from symptom onset to PCI treatment include symptom-to-balloon time or ischemic time, symptom-to-door time and door-to-balloon time calculated. The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including decompensated heart failure (DHF), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), sudden cardiac death (SCD) and cerebrovascular accident (CVA) was evaluated during 12 months follow up after primary PCI. left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) changes were evaluated 3 months after primary PCI.
| Results: The median symptom-to-door time was 200.5 minutes (IQR: 90-438.75 min), the median ischemic time was 406 minutes (IQR: 231-671 min), and most patients had an ischemic time ≥120 minutes (92.4%) and door-to-device time ≥90 minutes (64.3%). The most common delay for treatment was in the symptom-to-door time (76.9%) and then the decision for primary PCI to transfer to the cat lab (17.5%). Overall, 59 (41.3%) of the patients experienced MACE during 1-year of follow-up, including ACS (13.3%), DHF (22.4%), cardiac death (9.8%) and CVA (2.1%). The patients age (OR: 0.96, P=0.020), LVEF changes (OR: 1.123, P=0.005) and STEMI type (OR: 0.705; P=0.039) predicted in-hospital MACE, while the symptom-to-balloon time (P=0.607) and door-to-balloon time (P=0.347) were not associated with MACE. Conclusion: None of the time intervals were associated with the occurrence of MACE in one-year follow-up, and most STEMI patients were admitted to the hospital with a long delay. Therefore, efforts to shorten the time of hospitalization admission can help improve the MACE in STEMI patients under primary PCI in our medical centers. |
Volume 81, Issue 8 (11-2023)
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Left ventricular thrombosis (LVT) is a very serious condition and life-threatening complication that usually occurs after acute occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery followed by acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (STEMI), which leads to significant regional wall motion abnormality (RWMA). It should be noted that its diagnosis, treatment, and management are challenging now and depend on various factors such as the type of thrombus, time of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and underlying disease. The preferred diagnostic method is cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), but transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is routinely used for diagnostic and screening purposes also follow-up of response to treatment. It is worth mentioning that when the diagnosis of left ventricular thrombus is not clear with conventional echocardiography, contrast echocardiography is used for more resolution and detailed information. Left ventricular thrombosis can appear in both acute and chronic forms and lead to significant complications, the most important of them are stroke and systemic arterial embolism (SE). According to previous studies, vitamin K antagonist (warfarin) by keeping INR within the therapeutic range currently used to treat left ventricular thrombosis. Although the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) has brought excellent outcomes, but due to the lack of large clinical trials, the routine use of these agents is controversial, and only in case of warfarin intolerance or contraindications, DOACs can be used as an alternative. Generally, the best way to prevent left ventricular thrombosis is primary percutaneous coronary angioplasty (primary PCI) which preserves left ventricular function. Depending on the sensitivity of the diagnostic method, thrombus will likely resolve in >50% of patients by six months after the MI. On the other hand, in rare cases, surgery is indicated if a thrombosis remains despite the medical treatment especially if it is accompanied by a left ventricular aneurysm. The purpose of this narrative review is to evaluate the latest evidence in the field of left ventricular thrombosis management and to adopt the best approach for these patients.
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