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Rashidlamir A, Hashemi Javaheri A, Jaafari M,
Volume 68, Issue 12 (3-2011)
Volume 68, Issue 12 (3-2011)
Abstract
Background: Coronary heart disease is one of the most common causes of death in developed countries. Fibrinogen and resistin are two inflammatory markers used for atherosclerosis risk prediction. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on the concentrations of fibrinogen and resistin in healthy overweight middle-aged men.
Methods: Thirty inactive middle-aged men with a body mass index of 25-30 were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. The participants in the experimental group, accomplished eight weeks (3 sessions per week, of aerobic exercise with an intensity of 50-70% of their maximum heart rate while the control group remained sedentary. Weight, body fat percentage, fibrinogen and resistin levels of the participants were measured 48 hours before the first and after the last training sessions. The obtained data were analyzed using Independent Samples T-tests.
Results: There were significant reductions in weight, body mass index, body fat percentage and fibrinogen and a significant elevation in resistin concentration in the experimental group (p<0.05) upon the exercises relative to the control group.
Conclusion: It seems that eight weeks of regular aerobic exercise could reduce risks of myocardial infarction and improve the health status of overweight middle-aged men through reduction of weight, body fat and fibrinogen and elevation of resistin concentrations. Elevation of resistin concentration can be a sign of increased antioxidant defense mechanism.
Rashidlamir A, Saadatnia A,
Volume 69, Issue 2 (5-2011)
Volume 69, Issue 2 (5-2011)
Abstract
Background: Obesity is currently a worldwide health epidemic which has incited major interest among researchers to look for the underlying mechanisms that regulate body weight. In fact, adiponectin and leptin concentrations that are called adipokines are altered in obesity with a decreased production of adiponectin and an increased production of leptin. Adiponectin has anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic and anti- insulin resistance properties, but increased levels of leptin are observed in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an 8-week aerobic training program on the plasma levels of adiponectin and leptin in healthy middle-aged men. Methods: Thirty healthy middle-aged men were selected based on their body fat percentage and were assigned to two equal groups. The experimental group took the 8- week training, four days a week on alternate days with an intensity of 60-80% of their heart rate reserve but the control group lived their sedentary life. Blood samples were collected before and after the training program from all subjects and plasma adipokine levels were measured. Results: Plasma adiponectin concentration increased while leptin levels decreased significantly (P<0.001 and P≤0.042 respectively) upon completion of the 8-week program. Moreover, reduction in body fat percentage (P≤0.001) negatively correlated with adiponectin (P≤0.001) and positively with leptin changes (P≤0.008). Conclusion: In healthy middle-aged men, 8-week aerobic training programs could reduce body fat percentage and improve plasma adipokines levels. Therefore, aerobic training can be considered as a major strategy for preventing obesity and its accompanying diseases.
Bizheh N, Rashidlamir A, Zabihi A, Jaafari M,
Volume 69, Issue 3 (6-2011)
Volume 69, Issue 3 (6-2011)
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis, are the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The disease has had an increasing prevalence in Iran in recent years. Homocysteine and C-reactive protein (CRP) are two novel cardiovascular risk factors that independently predict risks of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of one session of circuit resistance training on the blood levels of the aforesaid inflammatory markers in inactive middle- aged men. Methods: The participants of this study included twenty-three healthy but inactive middle-aged men who were overweight and were randomly divided into two experimental (n=14) and control (n=9) groups. The activity included doing exercises with the subjects’ 35% one-repetition maximum (1-RM) intensity at ten different stations. Blood levels of homocysteine and hs-CRP were measured before and after the exercise. Results: Analysis of data using independent samples t-test showed a significant increment in the serum levels of homocysteine and hs-CRP after training in the experimental (P<0.05) versus the control group. Conclusion: Elevation of homocysteine levels is due to the increase in protein metabolism and creatine synthesis for energy production and elevation of hs-CRP levels could be due to hepatic induction of interleukin-6 that acts as a signal for the stimulation of lipolysis and glycogenolysis. However, beneficial or adverse physiological effects of these changes are not thoroughly understood and more research is needed to conclude about the acute and chronic effects of different types of physical activity on the blood levels of these atherosclerosis risk factors.
Mirdar Shadmehr , Arab Anna, Hedayati Mehdi , Hajizade Akbar ,
Volume 69, Issue 12 (3-2012)
Volume 69, Issue 12 (3-2012)
Abstract
Background: Uterine environment and fetal period can profoundly affect health of the neonat. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a transcription factor that regulates cellular stress responses and its activity is essential in both embryogenesis and postnatal life. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of maternal swimming on rat pups' HIF-1α levels as a key regulator of oxygen in lungs.
Methods: Sixteen female Wistar rats weighing 180- 200 grams were acclimated to a new environment consisting of equal light-darkness cycle and ad lib access to chow and adapted to the stress caused by water for two weeks. The rats were divided into two swimming and control groups. Swimming training began on the first day of pregnancy in a pool and continued for 3 weeks (1 h/day, 5 days/wk). Pups' lungs were removed two days after birth and their HIF-1α concentration was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis of the data was done using independent t-test. A p-value smaller than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Swimming lead to a significant (P<0.001) increase in the pups' lung HIF-1α levels compared with the control group. Although 3-wk period of swimming training, showed no significant increase in weight and also lung weight of newborns. Thus it can be concluded that swimming endurance training in pregnancy, can be considered as appropriate alternative in order to embryos development.
Conclusion: Our research suggests that HIF-1α level is an essential element for the development of the lungs of embryos. Moreover, further studies on the lung HIF-1α levels at post-natal period with different modes of exercise will provide more clear insight into the mechanisms of the findings resulting from this study.
Gaeini Aa, Khaledi N, Fayazmilani R, Ravasi A, Sedghroohi G, Arabkari V,
Volume 71, Issue 1 (4-2013)
Volume 71, Issue 1 (4-2013)
Abstract
Background: Alpha-actinins are located in the skeletal muscle Z-line and form actin–actin cross-links. It belongs to a highly conserved family of actin-binding proteins- the spectrin superfamily, which also contains the spectrins and dystrophin. Mammalian skeletal muscle has two isoforms: alpha-actinins-2 and alpha-actinins-3. However, the response of alpha-actinins to exercise training is little understood. This study examined the effects of 8 weeks of resistance training on muscle mass, ACTN3 (alpha-actinins-3) gene expression levels and fiber type composition in the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscle.
Methods: Forty five female Sprague-Dawley rats (Initial body mass: 169.25±9gr age: 3 month) were obtained and assigned to a control (C n=18) or exercise training (T n=22) and pilot (P n=5) groups. The resistance training consisted of climbing a ladder carry-ing a load suspended from the tail and the weight increased progressively. Real-time PCR and Immunohistochemistry techniques were used to measure gene expression leve-ls and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) composition, respectively.
Results: Following 8 weeks of training, we observed significant increase in absolute muscle mass in FHL (P=0.01). Results showed that no significant difference was found in ACTN3 gene expression levels between training and control groups (P=0.852 respecti-vely). Also, Pearson coefficient didn't indicated any significant relationships in gene expression and Fiber type IIX in response to resistance training in FHL (r=0.12).
Conclusion: However, resistance training effects on sarcomeric proteins development, these results showed no effect of resistance training on alpha-actinins-3 levels. Althou-gh alpha-actinins-3 has an important function to produce and progress of force in sarco-mere, but didn't changed significantly in response to resistance training.
Mahmoud Nikseresht , Hamid Rajabi , Ali Nikseresht ,
Volume 73, Issue 5 (8-2015)
Volume 73, Issue 5 (8-2015)
Abstract
Background: Apelin is an adipokine which may contribute to the link between obesity and metabolic diseases. Regular exercise training has been proposed as a strategy for reducing the risk of these diseases by positive adaptations in adipokines, but there is limited research directly comparing different types of training. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the effects of nonlinear resistance training (NRT) and aerobic interval training (AIT) on serum levels of apelin-13 and insulin resistance in middle-aged obese men. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted from October to February 2012 in Ilam City, Iran. Eligible subjects (33 obese men) between aged 34-46 years participated in this study and were allocated to the following groups: NRT (n= 12), AIT (n= 10), and control (n= 11). The inclusion criteria were sedentary (less than 60 minutes physical activity per week), nonsmokers, no regular exercise for at least the past 6 months, no regular consumption of medication, no special diet, percentage body fat > 23% and no history of medical conditions that would prevent them from participating in the exercise intervention. Only the subjects who performed more than 90% of the training sessions were included in this study. The experimental groups performed 3 weekly sessions for 12 weeks, whereas the control group maintained a sedentary lifestyle. NRT consisted of 40-65 minutes of weight training at different intensities and with a flexible period. AIT consisted of running on a treadmill (4×4 min at 80-90% maximal heart rate, 3 min recovery intervals). Results: Analysis of variance showed that there were no significant differences betwee n the groups for apelin-13 and insulin resistance at baseline (P> 0.05). Compared to control group, two exercise programs were equally effective at reducing insulin resistance, but apelin-13 levels increased significantly only with the AIT (P= 0.04). After the training, maximal oxygen uptake increased significantly in AIT and NRT compared with control group (both P= 0.001) and in AIT more than NRT (P= 0.001). Conclusion: The practical applications indicate that obese men can use both AIT and NRT exercise programs to reduce insulin resistance. However, the AIT may have better beneficial effects (as indicated by apelin-13) compared to NRT.
Yasaman Alipour , Asieh Abbassi Daloii , Alireza Barari , Ahmad Abdi ,
Volume 73, Issue 9 (12-2015)
Volume 73, Issue 9 (12-2015)
Abstract
Background: Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin (ucOC) may contribute to the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin is special protein secreted by bone as an endocrine regulation of energy metabolism and glucose. It plays an important role in insulin secretion and sensitivity. The aim of this study was to survey the effect of eight weeks resistance training on serum levels of ucOC, adiponectin and insulin sensitivity in obese women.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study performed on twenty obese women (BMI> 30) in Amol City Sport clubs, Iran, in May 2014. Samples randomly divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group. The experimental group consisted of eight weeks of resistance training, three times a week in six stations (including the movements of the leg press, bench press, triceps, biceps, abdominal motion, pull side and half scott) and with an intensity of 55% to 75% of one repetition maximum. Blood samples were collected after 12- 14 hours, fast and before it and also after eight weeks (48 hours after the last training session). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed to confirm that data was normally distributed. The obtained data was analyzed using paired-sample t-test, independent t-tests and one-way ANOVA at the significance level of P< 0.05.
Results: The results showed that resistance training had no significant effect on serum ucOC (P= 0.094) levels and insulin sensitivity (P= 0.178) in obesity. However, the experimental group after resistance training showed significantly higher adiponectin level than the upper limit of normal range (P= 0.003). There was no relationship between adiponectin and ucOC.
Conclusion: Resistance exercise can increase levels of serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) and adiponectin in obese women. It can be said that this type of activity could possibly be effective in glucose hemeostasis.
Shahla Torabi, Mohammad Reza Asad, Arezoo Tabrizi,
Volume 74, Issue 6 (9-2016)
Volume 74, Issue 6 (9-2016)
Abstract
Background: Diabetes is associated with many pathological changes and one of the most important consequences of the diabetes is hepatic injury. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of eight weeks endurance training with consumption of cinnamon supplementation on plasma concentrations of liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in women with type II diabetes.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 36 female volunteers with type II diabetes (age 52.72±2.64 years and body mass index 29.28±2.94 Kg/m2) were participated. The subjects were homogenized regarding their body mass index and then were divided randomly into four groups (each group=9 patients): Training, training-cinnamon, cinnamon, and Control. Endurance training was performed for eight weeks (three sessions per week) at the intensity of 60-75% of maximum heart rate for 40-60 minutes. The consumption of cinnamon supplementation was 1.5 gr per day. Plasma concentrations of ALT and AST were measured following 12 hours fasting, 48 hours before and after performing the experiment, by the enzymatic method. Data were analyzed by paired t-test and factorial ANOVA, using SPSS version 21 (Chicago, IL, USA) and at the significant level of P<0.05.
Results: The levels of ALT was reduced in three experimental groups, which only its reduction was significant after consumption of cinnamon P<0.05. Also, plasma concentrations of AST increased in training-cinnamon and decreased in training and cinnamon groups which none of them was not significant. All interventions had no effect on blood fasting glucose in all experimental groups P>0.05. There was no significant difference between groups in pre and posttests.
Conclusion: The results confirm that cinnamon supplementation may be effective in improving the plasma levels of ALT but the intensity and duration of an effective exercise training especially with consumption of cinnamon supplementation simultaneously need more study in diabetic patients.
Behshsd Pazooki , Orkideh Olang, Ali Afshari , Nasim Khajavirad , Batool Ghorbani Yekta,
Volume 74, Issue 8 (11-2016)
Volume 74, Issue 8 (11-2016)
Abstract
Background: To assess patient' reaction towards bedside teaching in the nephrology ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex (Tehran) and to identify the factors that may influence it.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the nephrology ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex from march to September, 2014. All inpatients present on the day of the study were interviewed using a structured questionnaire.
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Results: 146 patients were examined in this study that 62 patients (42.5%) were women and 84 cases (57.5%) were men. 112 (76.7%) of patients had a good feeling about the training to physicians. The behavior of students was evaluated respectful by 132 individuals (90.4% of patients). Total number of 106 individuals (72.6% of patients) had trusted to the health care team and 120 people (82.2% of patients) knew that the physicians’ behaviors are associated with the respect to their religious beliefs. Not being same sex of the examiners was important for 47 individuals (32.2% of patients). The number of 123 cases (84.2% of patients) evaluated the physicians' behavior with respect to their privacy. The number of 119 individuals (81.5% of patients) received their responses from the examiners. Statistical tests indicate a significant relationship between the respectful behavior of students with patient and good feeling about training to physicians, so that the 95.5% of people who have seen the respectful behavior of students to oneself had a good feeling about training to physicians (P˂0.001). The relationship between the presence of teacher with students and good feeling on training to physicians was significant (P=0.013). Positive feeling about practicing physicians was associated with patient age. So the age average of people who feel good about practicing physicians was significantly lower than the other people (47.2±17 versus 55.6±18 and P=0.028). Conclusion: The relationship between respectful behavior and presence of teacher with students and age and good feeling on training to physicians was significant. |
Hossein Shirvani , Jalil Aslani ,
Volume 75, Issue 7 (10-2017)
Volume 75, Issue 7 (10-2017)
Abstract
Background: It is known that irisin plays a role in regulating energy balance and body weight. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects two models of high intensity interval training and moderate intensity continuous training on the irisin serum and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) gene expression in skeletal muscle tissue of male rats.
Methods: This experimental study was conducted in Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences during the summer months of 2016. In this study, 32 male Wistar rats (mean weight =250±55 g, age: 8 weeks) were randomly and equally were divided in to 4 groups: basic control (CO), control of eight weeks (CO8w), moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT). CO group rats at baseline were killed and CO8w group was held concurrently with the experimental group but did not participate in any exercise training. HIIT and MIET groups for 8 weeks also did moderate continuous training (15-60 minute at 15-30 m/min) and sever intensity continuous training (4-8 one-minute intense interval of 28-58 m/min, with a 3-7 one-minute slow interval of 28-58 m/min). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for measuring serum irisin levels and real-time PCR method for the relative expression of mRNA of PGC-1α gene were used. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-hoc test at P<0.05 level. All analyzes were performed using SPSS software, version 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results: The results showed that the relative expression of mRNA of PGC-1α gene significantly increased in both exercise groups compared to the control groups (P=0.001). In contrast, in comparison of control groups, neither HIIT nor MICT had no significant effects on serum irisin levels (P=0.20).
Methods: This experimental study was conducted in Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences during the summer months of 2016. In this study, 32 male Wistar rats (mean weight =250±55 g, age: 8 weeks) were randomly and equally were divided in to 4 groups: basic control (CO), control of eight weeks (CO8w), moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT). CO group rats at baseline were killed and CO8w group was held concurrently with the experimental group but did not participate in any exercise training. HIIT and MIET groups for 8 weeks also did moderate continuous training (15-60 minute at 15-30 m/min) and sever intensity continuous training (4-8 one-minute intense interval of 28-58 m/min, with a 3-7 one-minute slow interval of 28-58 m/min). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for measuring serum irisin levels and real-time PCR method for the relative expression of mRNA of PGC-1α gene were used. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-hoc test at P<0.05 level. All analyzes were performed using SPSS software, version 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Conclusion: The results show that the two methods of exercise training may be the upstream pathway's activation can increase transcription of the PGC-1α gene (a key regulator of energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis) in skeletal muscle, but doesn't make a significant change in the levels of serum irisin.
Hossein Shirvani , Amin Isanejad , Mostafa Rahimi , Behzad Bazgir , Ali Mohammad Alizadeh ,
Volume 76, Issue 5 (8-2018)
Volume 76, Issue 5 (8-2018)
Abstract
Background: Recent evidence suggests that regular exercise training is effective in treating various aspects of cancer. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic interval training on monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) protein and expression of p53 gene in tumor of colon cancer mice.
Methods: The present study was conducted experimentally from May to October 2014 at the Exercise Physiology Research Center of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Twenty BALB/c mice of age 3 weekly with a mean weight of 17.6±1.4 grams were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups: control (N=5), interval training (N=5), colon tumor (N=5) and interval training+colon tumor (N=5). The cancer was induced by subcutaneous injection of a carcinogenic azoxymethane (10 mg/kg) once a week for three weeks, and aerobic exercise was performed with rodent treadmill for 8 weeks and 5 days a week. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, the mice were cleared and colon removed. Measurement of MCT1 protein was performed by ELISA and commercial kits (ZellBio, Germany). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the relative expression of p53 gene. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U tests.
Results: The results showed a significant increase in MCT1 protein (P< 0.01) and significant reductions in p53 gene expression (P< 0.001) in a colon tumor group compared to other groups. Also, there was a significant decrease in the level of MCT1 protein (P< 0.01) and significant increase in p53 gene expression (P< 0.001) in the exercise training group and exercise training+colon tumor group compared to control group and the tumor group was observed.
Conclusion: The findings of the study showed that aerobic interval training reduced the protein content of MCT1 and increased the expression of p53 gene (as a tumor inhibitor) in the tumor of colon cancer mice. These factors are portions of the mechanisms involved in cancer cell metabolism by which aerobic interval training shows part of its therapeutic effect in colon cancer.
Methods: The present study was conducted experimentally from May to October 2014 at the Exercise Physiology Research Center of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Twenty BALB/c mice of age 3 weekly with a mean weight of 17.6±1.4 grams were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups: control (N=5), interval training (N=5), colon tumor (N=5) and interval training+colon tumor (N=5). The cancer was induced by subcutaneous injection of a carcinogenic azoxymethane (10 mg/kg) once a week for three weeks, and aerobic exercise was performed with rodent treadmill for 8 weeks and 5 days a week. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, the mice were cleared and colon removed. Measurement of MCT1 protein was performed by ELISA and commercial kits (ZellBio, Germany). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the relative expression of p53 gene. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U tests.
Results: The results showed a significant increase in MCT1 protein (P< 0.01) and significant reductions in p53 gene expression (P< 0.001) in a colon tumor group compared to other groups. Also, there was a significant decrease in the level of MCT1 protein (P< 0.01) and significant increase in p53 gene expression (P< 0.001) in the exercise training group and exercise training+colon tumor group compared to control group and the tumor group was observed.
Conclusion: The findings of the study showed that aerobic interval training reduced the protein content of MCT1 and increased the expression of p53 gene (as a tumor inhibitor) in the tumor of colon cancer mice. These factors are portions of the mechanisms involved in cancer cell metabolism by which aerobic interval training shows part of its therapeutic effect in colon cancer.
Majid Gholipour , Mastaneh Seifabadi , Mohammad Reza Asad ,
Volume 77, Issue 11 (2-2020)
Volume 77, Issue 11 (2-2020)
Abstract
Background: Skeletal muscle mass, which is regulated by a balance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation, is an important factor for movement to meet everyday needs, especially in pathological conditions and aging. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the alterations of the gene expression involved in muscle protein synthesis and degradation signaling pathways induced by two exercise training protocols.
Methods: Eight weeks old Wistar rats have been assigned to the present experimental study, which was conducted from August 2018 to October 2018 at the animal laboratory of Tehran University. They were randomly divided into two resistance and endurance training groups and one control group, and run on a treadmill, 5 sessions per week for 8 weeks. 48 hours after the last exercise session, the rats in the two groups were anesthetized, and the dissected soleus muscles from euthanized animals were stored at -80° for RT-PCR and Western blot analysis later. Between-group differences were analyzed by the parametric and non-parametric tests for normally and non-normally distributed data respectively, at the significance level of α˂0.05.
Results: Compared with the control group, mTORC1 gene expression was increased significantly just in the endurance group (P=0.022), whereas both endurance and resistance exercise protocols caused a significant increase in Rps6kb1 (P˂0.001 and P=0.001 respectively). In protein degradation pathway, although, FOXO3a did not alter significantly (P=0.463), eIF4Ebp1 gene expression was inhibited by both endurance and resistance exercise training protocols (P˂0.001 and P=0.001 respectively). The alterations of Rps6kb1 and FOXO3a gene expression were confirmed by Western blot analysis.
Conclusion: The results showed that the exercise training protocols of the present study had approximately similar effects on alterations of gene expression involved in skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation pathways. Therefore, application of the protocols may be considered to prevent or reduce the muscle atrophy in pathological conditions such as motor neuron disease, aging, and/or muscle strength improvement in athletes.
Methods: Eight weeks old Wistar rats have been assigned to the present experimental study, which was conducted from August 2018 to October 2018 at the animal laboratory of Tehran University. They were randomly divided into two resistance and endurance training groups and one control group, and run on a treadmill, 5 sessions per week for 8 weeks. 48 hours after the last exercise session, the rats in the two groups were anesthetized, and the dissected soleus muscles from euthanized animals were stored at -80° for RT-PCR and Western blot analysis later. Between-group differences were analyzed by the parametric and non-parametric tests for normally and non-normally distributed data respectively, at the significance level of α˂0.05.
Results: Compared with the control group, mTORC1 gene expression was increased significantly just in the endurance group (P=0.022), whereas both endurance and resistance exercise protocols caused a significant increase in Rps6kb1 (P˂0.001 and P=0.001 respectively). In protein degradation pathway, although, FOXO3a did not alter significantly (P=0.463), eIF4Ebp1 gene expression was inhibited by both endurance and resistance exercise training protocols (P˂0.001 and P=0.001 respectively). The alterations of Rps6kb1 and FOXO3a gene expression were confirmed by Western blot analysis.
Conclusion: The results showed that the exercise training protocols of the present study had approximately similar effects on alterations of gene expression involved in skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation pathways. Therefore, application of the protocols may be considered to prevent or reduce the muscle atrophy in pathological conditions such as motor neuron disease, aging, and/or muscle strength improvement in athletes.
Saeid Emamdoost, Asieh Abbassi Daloii, Alireza Barari, Ayoub Saeidi,
Volume 78, Issue 9 (12-2020)
Volume 78, Issue 9 (12-2020)
Abstract
Background: Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation in obese subjects, which leads to an increase of inflammatory cytokines. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different intensity circuit resistance training on levels of interleukin 1 beta and interleukin-10 in obese men.
Methods: In a semi-experimental trial during May to August 2020, 44 obese men from Tehran city were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups including 1) control (n=11), 2) low-intensity circuit resistance training (n=11), 3) Moderate intensity circuit resistance training (n=11) and 4) High-intensity circuit resistance training (n=11). Resistance training was performed in different intensities including1) High-intensity circuit resistance training: three sets of 10 repetitions with 80% 1RM 2) Moderate intensity circuit resistance: three sets of 13 repetitions with 60% 1RM and 3) low-intensity circuit resistance training: three sets of 20 repetitions with 40% 1RM, three sessions per week for 12 weeks. Also, the control group had their daily life during the 12-week research period and were prohibited from participating in regular exercise. Serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were measured using an ELISA kit. Data were analyzed with covariance analysis at P<0.05.
Results: Twelve weeks of low, Moderate and high intensity circuit resistance training significantly decreased IL-1β levels (P=0.001) and increased IL-10 levels in obese men (P=0.001). The decrease of IL-1β was significant in the high-intensity training group compared to low intensity (P=0.009) and moderate-intensity training groups (P=0.046). Also, the increase in IL-10 levels was significant in the high-intensity training group compared to the low-intensity (P=0.002) and the moderate intensity training group compared to the low intensity training group (P=0.004).
Methods: In a semi-experimental trial during May to August 2020, 44 obese men from Tehran city were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups including 1) control (n=11), 2) low-intensity circuit resistance training (n=11), 3) Moderate intensity circuit resistance training (n=11) and 4) High-intensity circuit resistance training (n=11). Resistance training was performed in different intensities including1) High-intensity circuit resistance training: three sets of 10 repetitions with 80% 1RM 2) Moderate intensity circuit resistance: three sets of 13 repetitions with 60% 1RM and 3) low-intensity circuit resistance training: three sets of 20 repetitions with 40% 1RM, three sessions per week for 12 weeks. Also, the control group had their daily life during the 12-week research period and were prohibited from participating in regular exercise. Serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were measured using an ELISA kit. Data were analyzed with covariance analysis at P<0.05.
Results: Twelve weeks of low, Moderate and high intensity circuit resistance training significantly decreased IL-1β levels (P=0.001) and increased IL-10 levels in obese men (P=0.001). The decrease of IL-1β was significant in the high-intensity training group compared to low intensity (P=0.009) and moderate-intensity training groups (P=0.046). Also, the increase in IL-10 levels was significant in the high-intensity training group compared to the low-intensity (P=0.002) and the moderate intensity training group compared to the low intensity training group (P=0.004).
| Conclusion: According to our findings, resistance training has a positive effect on inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in obese men, and high-intensity circular resistance training had more benefits. |
Fazael Fadaei, Zeinab Ardin, Sadegh Amani-Shalamzari , Hossein Shirvani,
Volume 79, Issue 3 (6-2021)
Volume 79, Issue 3 (6-2021)
Abstract
Background: The goal of the study was to investigate the effect of 5 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the levels of resistin and adiponectin and liver enzymes in Wistar rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver.
Methods: To do this basic research, 24 Wistar male rats were purchased and transferred to Baqiyatallah University then, they were allocated randomly into three groups: Control group (CG, n=8), induced fatty liver diseases group (FG, n=8), and induced fatty liver diseases+exercise group (FEG, n=10). The present study was conducted in July and August of 2019. To induce fatty liver disease, 140 mg per kg of bodyweight oral tetracycline drug was administered to rats by gavage for seven days. Fatty liver (steatosis) was confirmed by measuring liver enzymes. The training group performed HIIT for five weeks and five days per week. First, the maximum aerobic test (MAT) was performed, and based on data of this test; the HIIT protocol was conducted as 5×2 min-intervals with (50-120% Mat) and with 1 min recovery (30-50% MAT). Blood and tissue sampling were taken 48 hours after the last training session. Blood samples were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes, and serum samples were frozen at -20 degrees. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze data.
| Results: Following performing HIIT, serum levels of adiponectin and resistin in the FEG compared to FG increased and decreased significantly, respectively (P=0.001). In addition, the FEG experienced a significant decrease in serum levels of AST and ALT enzymes. The aerobic capacity of the rats in the HIIT group increased significantly compared to the other two groups. Conclusion: By modulating body fat levels and the secretion of adipokines such as adiponectin and resistin, HIIT was involved in improving the condition of rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. |
Pejman Pourfakhr, Mohammad Amin Mirzaie , Farhad Etezadi , Reza Shariat Moharrari , Mohammad Reza Khajavi ,
Volume 79, Issue 12 (3-2022)
Volume 79, Issue 12 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background: Training of airway management and tracheal intubation skill in emergencies for resuscitation of patients are basic skills for medical students. However, the success rate of beginners in this skill is low. Video laryngoscopes are new devices that can increase the success of endotracheal intubation training.
Methods: This clinical trial was conducted with 30 medical students who came to learn anesthesia care at Sina Hospital in 2020. After dividing the students into two groups (n=15) of glide scope and Macintosh, the glide scope group first performed laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation with a glide scope on the manikin 10 times. Then, in the operating room they were trained for endotracheal intubation on 5 patients by glide scope. The Macintosh group first got trained for intubation on the manikin, 10 times and then on five patients in the operating room with a Macintosh laryngoscope. Then all students in the operating room intubated two patients with a Macintosh laryngoscope and their performance was assessed and scored by an anesthesiologist. They evaluated the training course with a questionnaire. The duration of laryngeal access and the time spent for tracheal intubation were compared in the two groups.
Methods: This clinical trial was conducted with 30 medical students who came to learn anesthesia care at Sina Hospital in 2020. After dividing the students into two groups (n=15) of glide scope and Macintosh, the glide scope group first performed laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation with a glide scope on the manikin 10 times. Then, in the operating room they were trained for endotracheal intubation on 5 patients by glide scope. The Macintosh group first got trained for intubation on the manikin, 10 times and then on five patients in the operating room with a Macintosh laryngoscope. Then all students in the operating room intubated two patients with a Macintosh laryngoscope and their performance was assessed and scored by an anesthesiologist. They evaluated the training course with a questionnaire. The duration of laryngeal access and the time spent for tracheal intubation were compared in the two groups.
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Results: In the glide scope group, 76% of students were able to see the epiglottis and larynx in 20 seconds, but in the Macintosh group, 43% of students were able to see the larynx in 20 seconds. In terms of endotracheal intubation time, 72% of the students in the glide scope group were able to successfully perform endotracheal intubation within 40 seconds in their first attempt, but in the Macintosh group, 44% completed endotracheal intubation within 40 seconds (P=0.00). In the evaluation of the quality of skill, the average score of the students in the Macintosh group was 15.30±0.56, while the average score in the glide scope group was 17.20±0.83 (P=0.00). The scores and satisfaction of the students in the glide scope group were higher than the Macintosh.
Conclusion: The use of video laryngoscope in teaching of intubation in trainees will increase the speed, and accuracy of their training and satisfaction compared with the Macintosh laryngoscope. |
Hossein Shirvani , Ebrahim Fasihi Ramandi ,
Volume 80, Issue 1 (4-2022)
Volume 80, Issue 1 (4-2022)
Abstract
Background: Type2 diabetes is a metabolic disease that is rapidly increasing in the world. GLUT4 and RBP4 are factors that play a role in glucose uptake. This study aimed to investigate the effect of moderate-intensity continuous training on RBP4 and GLUT4 gene expression of soleus muscle in STZ induced diabetic rats.
Methods: This experimental study was conducted between May and September 2016 at Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. In this study, there were 48 8-week-old male Wistar rats (mean weight 250±20) that were randomly divided into four groups: basic control, 12-week control, diabetes, diabetes and moderate continuous training. Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin solution. The training protocol consisted of continuous aerobic training for 12 weeks, five sessions per week in the form of running on a treadmill. After sampling, real-time PCR expression was used to measure gene expression. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software, version 22 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA) and graphs were drawn using GraphPad Prism, version 8, (GraphPad Software, USA).
Results: According to the results, there was a significant increase in RBP4 in the diabetic group compared to other groups. compared to the two groups of diabetes and diabetes, along with moderate continuous training, RBP4 gene expression was less expressed in diabetic training. Regarding GLUT4, there was a significant difference between diabetes and diabetes groups with training. Also, the expression of the GLUT4 gene in the diabetic group with training was higher than the other groups. According to this study, it was shown that moderate-intensity continuous training somehow reduces the negative effects of diabetes on metabolism and health by activating various cellular and molecular pathways and mechanisms.
Methods: This experimental study was conducted between May and September 2016 at Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. In this study, there were 48 8-week-old male Wistar rats (mean weight 250±20) that were randomly divided into four groups: basic control, 12-week control, diabetes, diabetes and moderate continuous training. Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin solution. The training protocol consisted of continuous aerobic training for 12 weeks, five sessions per week in the form of running on a treadmill. After sampling, real-time PCR expression was used to measure gene expression. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software, version 22 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA) and graphs were drawn using GraphPad Prism, version 8, (GraphPad Software, USA).
Results: According to the results, there was a significant increase in RBP4 in the diabetic group compared to other groups. compared to the two groups of diabetes and diabetes, along with moderate continuous training, RBP4 gene expression was less expressed in diabetic training. Regarding GLUT4, there was a significant difference between diabetes and diabetes groups with training. Also, the expression of the GLUT4 gene in the diabetic group with training was higher than the other groups. According to this study, it was shown that moderate-intensity continuous training somehow reduces the negative effects of diabetes on metabolism and health by activating various cellular and molecular pathways and mechanisms.
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Conclusion: the present study showed the effect of moderate-intensity continuous training on the expression of RBP4 and GLUT4 genes in soleus muscle which can be effective in glucose uptake. It was also shown that moderate-intensity continuous training can minimize the complications of diabetes by reducing RBP4 gene expression.
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Mohammad Ali Gharaat , Yaghoob Mehri Alvar,
Volume 81, Issue 6 (9-2023)
Volume 81, Issue 6 (9-2023)
Abstract
Background: Angiogenesis is a physiological process leading to capillary density enhancement and better blood distribution in skeletal muscles, which triggers in response to physical training. The present study aimed to investigate the changes in physiological factors involved in angiogenesis in response to circuit or traditional resistance training.
Methods: Thirty-six healthy sedentary students who were studying at Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University of Tehran (age: 22.1±2.3 years; height: 172.7±5.1 cm) volunteered to participate in the study (from October 2021 to February 2022). Following a pre-test to evaluate one repetition maximum (1RM) of selected movements (Leg Press, Leg Curl, Leg Extension, Bench Pull, Seated Row, Biceps Curl), subjects randomly divided into Circuit Resistance training (CRT) (training protocol included 4 circles/3 times a week/8 weeks circuit performance/50-55% 1 Repetition Maximum (1RM), n=12), Traditional resistance training (RT) (training protocol included 8 repetition/3 set/3 time per week/8 weeks of same movements with 75% 1RM followed by 2 minutes break to rest between the sets; n=12) and the control group without any regular training (n=12). We assessed the level of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), plasma level of growth hormone (GH), and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (BFGF) to the mentioned training methods. Data were evaluated by utilizing SPSS version 14.
Methods: Thirty-six healthy sedentary students who were studying at Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University of Tehran (age: 22.1±2.3 years; height: 172.7±5.1 cm) volunteered to participate in the study (from October 2021 to February 2022). Following a pre-test to evaluate one repetition maximum (1RM) of selected movements (Leg Press, Leg Curl, Leg Extension, Bench Pull, Seated Row, Biceps Curl), subjects randomly divided into Circuit Resistance training (CRT) (training protocol included 4 circles/3 times a week/8 weeks circuit performance/50-55% 1 Repetition Maximum (1RM), n=12), Traditional resistance training (RT) (training protocol included 8 repetition/3 set/3 time per week/8 weeks of same movements with 75% 1RM followed by 2 minutes break to rest between the sets; n=12) and the control group without any regular training (n=12). We assessed the level of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), plasma level of growth hormone (GH), and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (BFGF) to the mentioned training methods. Data were evaluated by utilizing SPSS version 14.
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Results: Present findings showed that CRT and RT protocols resulted in significant increases in post-test compared to pre-test in VEGF (P=0.00), GH (P=0.04), and BFGF (P=0.00). In addition, the magnitude of changes in VEGF and GH were significantly greater than the magnitude of changes in control group in post-test (P=0.03, and 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between absolute values of GH and VEGF (r=0.74 and r=0.71) following CRT (P=0.01) and RT (P=0.02).
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that CRT and RT might enhance angiogenesis through an increase in VEGF, bFGF and GH, leading to better blood distribution in muscles. |
Mehdi Nikseresht, Valiollah Dabidi Roshan , Khadijeh Nasiri,
Volume 81, Issue 10 (1-2024)
Volume 81, Issue 10 (1-2024)
Abstract
Background: Exercise programs can lead to different physiological adaptations, but the effects of low-volume, low-frequency HIIT protocols with varying interval structures have not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to explore the impact of HIIT with high compression (HC) and low compression (LC), with or without berberine (BBR) supplementation, on hematological parameters in pre-diabetic men.
Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted between October and December 2021 at Mazandaran University. Fifty-four overweight/obese men with a mean age of 48.6±6.6 years, a body mass index of 30.7±7.3 kg/m², and a body fat percentage of 34.4±4.3% were randomly and equally divided into one of six groups: HC, LC, HC+BBR, LC+BBR, BBR, and control. The HC group (2:1 work-to-rest ratio) and LC group (1:1 work-to-rest ratio) underwent training programs comprising 2-4 sets of 8 exercises at an intensity of 80-95% of their maximum heart rate twice a week for 8 weeks. Hematological responses to Bruce's incremental exercise test were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's post hoc test, with a significance level set at P<0.05.
Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted between October and December 2021 at Mazandaran University. Fifty-four overweight/obese men with a mean age of 48.6±6.6 years, a body mass index of 30.7±7.3 kg/m², and a body fat percentage of 34.4±4.3% were randomly and equally divided into one of six groups: HC, LC, HC+BBR, LC+BBR, BBR, and control. The HC group (2:1 work-to-rest ratio) and LC group (1:1 work-to-rest ratio) underwent training programs comprising 2-4 sets of 8 exercises at an intensity of 80-95% of their maximum heart rate twice a week for 8 weeks. Hematological responses to Bruce's incremental exercise test were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's post hoc test, with a significance level set at P<0.05.
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Results: Baseline hematological indices showed no significant differences between pre-diabetic and non-diabetic groups (all, P>0.05). Following the 8-week intervention, there were significant decreases in white blood cells (WBCs) in the LC and LC+BBR groups, and in lymphocytes across all intervention groups except BBR (all, P<0.05). Additionally, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels showed significant reductions in the HC and HC+BBR groups (both, P<0.05). However, in response to Bruce's incremental exercise test, a significant decrease in WBCs was observed in the LC and LC+BBR groups, with reductions of 18% and 25%, respectively (both, P<0.05).
Conclusion: The LC protocol, even without berberine supplementation, seems to provide better immunological benefits and result in less hemolysis compared to the HC protocol, as evidenced by reductions in white blood cell counts. |
Maryam Mokhtari, Seyyed Reza Attarzadeh Hosseini, Nahid Bijeh, Mohammad Mosaferi Ziaaldini ,
Volume 81, Issue 12 (3-2024)
Volume 81, Issue 12 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background: Fatty liver disease is the most common cause of chronic liver diseases in the world, which can cause cardiovascular diseases, so this research aims to scrutiny a period of intense intermittent sports activity and growth hormone perfuse on cardiac mitochondrial PGC1α and some indicators of oxidative stress in mice with liver damage.
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Methods: The present research was conducted from September 2022 to March 2023 in the specialized physical training laboratory of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The statistical population was twenty one adult male Syrian mice with an average weight of twenty three grams. The sports activity protocol was adopted for fifty-six days using the special video recorder for rodents. The intense interval training program was carried out in the form of ten one-minute repetitions and two-minute active rest, so that the total daily training time for each person was thirty minutes.The vaccination protocol includes the daily vaccination of somatropin injected intraperitoneally.
Results: The PGC1α levels were significantly higher in both the HIIT (P=0.02) and H- GH (P=0.03) groups collationed to the witness team. Moreover, the levels of SOD were considerably increased, in both the HIIT (P=0.05) and H-GH (P=0.005) team s compared to the witness team. Moreover, the levels of MDA were considerably decreased, in both the HIIT (P=0.007) and H-GH (P=0.04) teams compared to the witness team. The decrease in insulin resistance was significant only in the HIIT (P=0.05) team compared to the witness team and slightly increased in the H-GH (P=0.36) team but was not considered. The difference between HIIT and H-GH team (P=0.03) was also significant.The proportion of ALT/AST in both HIIT (P=0.02) and H-GH (P=0.03) teams had a significant decrease compared to the witness team. LDL/HDL proportion evidenced considered decrement at just in the HIIT team (P=0.01). Conclusion: Intense intermittent sports activity was able to produce a more optimal response compared to GH peptide in improving NAFLD-related indices. Injection of this hormone single may have adverse outcomes on some indexes of this abnormality. |
Hamed Alizadeh Pahlavani , Mitra Tajari, Mohadese Hozouri,
Volume 82, Issue 2 (5-2024)
Volume 82, Issue 2 (5-2024)
Abstract
Background: In people with diabetes, metabolic changes can affect the body's response to physical activity. On the other hand, for people with diabetes, exercise can be a powerful tool to manage diabetes and improve overall health through key regulatory proteins such as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPKα1/2), dynamin-like protein (DLP1), and autophagy-related protein 13 (ATG13). In diabetes, AMPK regulation is often disrupted, contributing to the metabolic imbalances that characterize diabetes. In diabetes, disruption of DLP1 protein as a key regulator of mitochondrial fission leads to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and metabolic imbalance. ATG13, as an autophagy regulator causes the recycling of damaged cells and damaged components.
Methods: This study was conducted in May to July 2023. In this experimental research, 12 two-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 280±30 grams participated. To induce type two diabetes, nicotinamide solution with a dose of 110 mg/kg and streptozotocin (STZ) with a dose of 60 mg/kg were injected, and blood glucose between 126 and 260 mg/dl was determined as the index of diabetes induction. Then the diabetic rats were randomly divided into training (six heads) and control groups (six heads). The moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) group trained for 4 weeks and four sessions every week. The MIIT program consisted of 4 rounds of 3 minutes with an intensity equal to 55-75% of the maximum speed and active rest periods of two minutes with an intensity of 35-45% of the maximum speed. After 24 hours from the last training, the rats were anesthetized and the soleus muscle tissue was isolated and the proteins were measured by western blot methods.
Methods: This study was conducted in May to July 2023. In this experimental research, 12 two-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 280±30 grams participated. To induce type two diabetes, nicotinamide solution with a dose of 110 mg/kg and streptozotocin (STZ) with a dose of 60 mg/kg were injected, and blood glucose between 126 and 260 mg/dl was determined as the index of diabetes induction. Then the diabetic rats were randomly divided into training (six heads) and control groups (six heads). The moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) group trained for 4 weeks and four sessions every week. The MIIT program consisted of 4 rounds of 3 minutes with an intensity equal to 55-75% of the maximum speed and active rest periods of two minutes with an intensity of 35-45% of the maximum speed. After 24 hours from the last training, the rats were anesthetized and the soleus muscle tissue was isolated and the proteins were measured by western blot methods.
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Results: The results showed that MIIT causes a non-significant increase in AMPK protein (P=0.29) and ATG13 (P=0.079), while it has a significant decrease in DLP1 (P=0.002).
Conclusion: It seems that MIIT, through decreasing DLP1, can have a beneficial effect on energy metabolism and autophagy process in order to optimize cells mitochondria in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats. |
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