Tehran University Medical Journal

Background: The herpes simplex viruses cause a variety of clinical illnesses that are painful and often distressing. To control the infection, the development of an effective vaccine that prevents or reduces the primary and recurrent infections would be of great significance. With considering to immunological changes following an acute endurance exercise, the purpose of this study was to assess adjuvant effects of an acute endurance exercise in first herpes simplex virus 1 vaccine injection and its booster shots on interleukin-10 cytokine and granzyme B levels.
Methods: This experimental study was carried out in Tarbiat Modares University during May to October 2016. 32 BALB/c mice were divided into 4 groups: control, vaccine, vaccine plus an acute exercise in first injection and vaccine plus an acute endurance exercise in first injection and booster shots. Mice without or with access to acute endurance exercise were immunized intramuscularly with inactivated KOS strain of HSV-1. Two weeks after three booster shots of vaccine, interleukin-10 and granzyme B levels were determined in spleen cell culture with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.
Results: This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that an acute endurance exercise as an adjuvant in herpes simplex virus 1 vaccine can change interleukin-10 cytokine and granzyme B levels in mouse model. The result of this study showed significant differences between groups in interleukin-10 and granzyme B levels (P=0.001). Increasing in granzyme B levels with concurrent decreases in interleukin-10 levels was observed following using vaccine plus acute exercise in first injection of vaccine and booster shots.
Conclusion: It is suggested that exercise may stimulate parameters related to cellular immunity and hence decrease the risk of infection decreased levels of interleukin-10 in experimental group that had vaccine plus acute exercise in the first injection of vaccine and booster shots as an adjuvant was observed. These results demonstrate alternation of T helper 2 cells function and improve of cell immunity for protection against herpes simplex virus 1 infections.

Cancer immunotherapy refers to any intervention that leverages the immune system to eliminate a malignancy. Successful cancer immunotherapies generate an anti-cancer response that is systemic, specific, and durable and overcome to the primary limitations of traditional cancer treatment modalities. In this review paper, the effective methods in immune system to treat cancer, such as immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment (TME), cancer vaccines and T cell adaptive therapy are mentioned. Engineered T cells can use for destruction of the different cancer tissues to diagnose tumor surface antigens. Promotion in culture of T cell methods and their engineering with retroviral vectors that carry T cell receptors or chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) by co-stimulator domains, provide opportunity to treat tumor by T cells. The tumors with high genome mutation, such as lung and melanoma, have severe environmental mutagenesis that is induced by ultra violet light in melanoma and Tobacco in lung cancers. Expression of tumor specific receptors is increased by engineered T cells. The neo-antigens conduct the intensity of intra tumor T cell response. The present of CD8+ in tumor site with more mutation is higher and the mutation load is showed strong relation with the clinical response. In addition to the successful approaches to cancer immunotherapy, the other combination and molecular therapies by nanomaterials are listed. Nanomaterials as efficient modulators and diverse vaccine have been developed in the treatment of cancer. In recent cancer vaccine development has been on subunit vaccines that contain purified tumor antigens or antigenic epitopes as an antigen source. However, soluble bolus-based subunit vaccines typically induce weak cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses which limit their utility for cancer. To overcome this, nanoscale colloids can be used to promote more efficient antigen presentation by acting as phagocytic substrates. Nanomaterials are showed co-suppression and immunization in tumor microenvironment by multiple additive functions in preclinical models. In this manner, they exhibited good prospects because of the good results in overcoming the limitations of current therapies. In this review paper is tried to provide new prospect for therapies and hope it creates highest efficacy and lowest side effects for the treatment of patients in the near future.

Background: Today, several vaccines have been developed to prevent infectious diseases. The older first-generation vaccines may have many problems. In this regard, genetic engineering plays an important role using tools such as shuttle vectors to develop recombinant DNA vaccines that usually include plasmid constructed so that can propagate in two different host species. The present study reviews a variety of shuttle vectors, their structures, productions, pathogenicity and more importantly their applications in the production of novel vaccines.
Methods: A systematic review was performed based on search in international databases with no time limit including Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar. All databases were searched using the standard (English and Persian) keywords. Relevant articles from 1996 to 2018 were collected from search of international databases including Science Direct, Google Scholar, and PubMed using keywords such as “shuttle vectors”, “recombinant plasmids” and “DNA vaccines”.
Results: In this study, a total of 31 full texts were used. A shuttle vector typically contains similar components to replication origins and promoters and can propagate in various hosts. Nowadays, they are used in designing and constructing of new vaccines against infectious diseases including tuberculosis and viral hepatitis. Also, Multi-epitope peptide DNA vaccines are effective against some viruses and they are potentially effective against some bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori.
Conclusion: Shuttle vectors as a powerful genetic engineering tool have a high ability to study the mechanisms of pathogenic microorganisms and make new vaccines such as DNA vaccines and multi-epitope vaccines. The hope is that such multi-epitope DNA vaccines might induce immunity against multiple antigenic targets, multiple strain variants, and/or even multiple pathogens. However, the ability of DNA vaccination to co-deliver a series of antibody and/or CD4 T cell epitopes remains largely unexplored.

Herpes zoster (Shingles; Zona) is an acute infectious skin disease that is caused by the reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV). After the initial infection (chickenpox) or vaccination, the virus remains inactive or latent in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG); when decreasing cell mediated immunity (CMI) occurs, the virus is reactivated from a latent phase to a lytic phase and frequently replicated in the dorsal ganglion cells then move to the sensory nerves into the skin and causes herpes zoster, which is typically characterized by painful neuralgia and unilateral dermatomal vesicular rash that normally lasts 3 to 5 weeks. The most common complication of herpes zoster is chronic pain owing to postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), which is estimated to occur in approximately 20% of the people aged 50 and over. Although herpes zoster is rarely fatal, the pain related to the acute phase of herpes zoster and subsequent PHN can cause psychological distress, physical disability, impaired sleep and consequently negatively affect the quality of life that can be significantly reduced by all of these occurrences. Due to increasing trend in the incidence of herpes zoster and increasing older people population, it will be expected that herpes zoster and subsequent PHN cause a significant economic burden to the healthcare system, the government, and families along with reducing the quality of life. The average lifetime risk of herpes zoster is estimated to be approximately 30% in developing countries. Although the risk of herpes zoster significantly increases with increasing age and diminished immune system function, any factor impacting on VZV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses may affect the risk of herpes zoster. This paper is provided an overview of the incidence and potential risk factors of herpes zoster with emphasis on the role of micronutrients and their deficiencies in the impaired immune system function. Also, the common method for prevention by zoster vaccine and the role of micronutrients in the efficacy of vaccination are shown.

Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) is a diverse group of diseases, characterized by a defect in the immune system. These patients are susceptible to recurrent respiratory infections, gastrointestinal problems, autoimmune diseases, and malignancies. In most cases, patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders have genetic defects and are monogenic disorders that follow a simple Mendelian inheritance, however, some PIDs recognize a more complex polygenic origin. Overall, almost 70 to 90 percent of patients with primary immunodeficiency are undiagnosed. Given that these patients are exposing to respiratory infectious agents and some live-attenuated vaccines, thus they have a high risk to some clinical complications. The administration of oral polio vaccine in patients with PIDs especially can increase the possibility of acute flaccid paralysis. These patients will excrete the poliovirus for a long time through their feces, even though they are not paralyzed. Long-term virus proliferation in the vaccinated individuals causes a mutation in the poliovirus and creates a vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs), which is a major challenge to the final stages of the worldwide eradication of polio. 
To increase the diagnosis and identification of patients with immunodeficiency and carrying out a national plan for screening patients with immunodeficiency from the fecal excretion of the poliovirus, a possible polio epidemic can be prevented during post-eradication. Development of laboratory facilities in provincial and city centers, improvement of communications among physicians regarding medical consultation and establishment of referring systems for patients by national network lead to improve status of diagnosis and treatment of patients with primary immunodefiicencies. In this context, launching and activating the national network of immunodeficiency diseases is essential for improving the health of children and reducing the cost of the health system of the country. A national network of immunodeficiency can lead to increase awareness of physicians regarding primary immunodeficiency disorders, improve collaboration among physicians about genetic consultation and establish a practical referral system in Iran that results in increased diagnosis and improve treatment of patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders.

Chick embryos are a great historical research model in basic and applied sciences. Along with other animal models, avian and specifically chicken embryo has been attended, as well. Avian fertilized eggs as a natural bioreactor are an efficient tool for producing recombinant proteins and vaccines manufacturing. Due to the limitations of birds' eggs for viral replication, avian stem cells culture technologies access to safe methods as well as large-scale production of a variety of human and animal vaccines. Chicken pluripotent stem cells present the unique property of self-renewal and the ability to generate differentiated progeny in all embryonic lineages such as ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm in vitro. For the first time, chicken embryonic stem cells (cESCs) derived from the blastodermal cells of stage X embryos in vitro. Chicken ESC provides a great model of early embryo and they are useful for gene manipulation, virus proliferation, and the generation of transgenic birds. In addition to blastodermal cells, pluripotent cell lines can be produced by reprogramming of chicken fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with transcription factors such as OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, KLF4, LIN28, and C-MYC that are well known to contribute to the reprogramming of somatic cells into an iPSCs. Similar to chicken ESCs, iPSCs have properties of unlimited self-renewal in vitro and the capacity for differentiation to all three embryonic germ layers. Chicken iPSCs have been a useful tool for the production of transgenic birds and viral vaccines. Despite the benefits and multiple applications of chicken pluripotent stem cells, the propagation of these cells is limited and some important challenges should be eliminated before their use in vaccine manufacturing. It is necessary to define the appropriate culture conditions for chicken pluripotent stem cells. For example, the presence of endogenous viruses in the avian species should be evaluated for human vaccine production. Currently, primary chicken fibroblast cells are still mainly used for vaccine production. This review covers the resources to achieve chicken derived cell lines for vaccine manufacturing.