Volume 14, Issue 2 (9-2021)
ijhe 2021, 14(2): 225-246 |
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Abtahi M, Alimohammadi M, Saeedi R, Nabizadeh R, Askari M, Mahmoudi B et al . Evaluation of chemical and microbial quality of bottled water in Iran and calculation of water quality index. ijhe 2021; 14 (2) :225-246
URL: http://ijhe.tums.ac.ir/article-1-6556-en.html
URL: http://ijhe.tums.ac.ir/article-1-6556-en.html
Mehrnoosh Abtahi1 
, Mahmood Alimohammadi2 , Reza Saeedi3 , Ramin Nabizadeh4 , Masoomeh Askari5 , Babak Mahmoudi5 , Maryam Ghani * 6
, Mahmood Alimohammadi2 , Reza Saeedi3 , Ramin Nabizadeh4 , Masoomeh Askari5 , Babak Mahmoudi5 , Maryam Ghani * 6
1- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Health, Safety and Environment, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
6- Department of MPH, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,maryamghani1396@gmail.com
2- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Health, Safety and Environment, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
6- Department of MPH, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,
Abstract: (1521 Views)
Background and Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical and microbial quality of bottled water in Iran and to calculate the water quality index (WQI).
Materials and Methods: Different brands of bottled water (4 samples from 71 brands) were randomly collected from the market. Chemical and microbial characteristics of the samples were examined and determined. Finally, the calculations related to the WQI index were performed and the water samples were classified as excellent, good, poor, very poor and unsuitable.
Results: None of the samples exhibited concentration of heavy metals beyond Iranian water standards, and the concentration of sulfate (SO4), chloride (Cl) and fluoride (F) did not exceed international standards. However, in some samples, nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3) concentrations were higher than recommended standards. With Regard to other water quality parameters, 8% to 89% of the samples exhibited concentration higher than the values provided on the water bottle label. 5 species of different bacteria were found in 15 water samples. According to the WQI index, about 63% of the samples were of excellent quality. Also, the water quality of 34% and 3% of the samples fell in good and poor quality categories, respectively. None of the bottled water samples was of very poor quality.
Conclusion: The quality of bottled water investigated in this study was generally suitable, but due to the wide range of bottled water in Iran based on brand and seasons, continuous evaluation of water treatment methods in companies and careful monitoring of chemical and microbial quality of bottled water in all seasons is recommended.
Materials and Methods: Different brands of bottled water (4 samples from 71 brands) were randomly collected from the market. Chemical and microbial characteristics of the samples were examined and determined. Finally, the calculations related to the WQI index were performed and the water samples were classified as excellent, good, poor, very poor and unsuitable.
Results: None of the samples exhibited concentration of heavy metals beyond Iranian water standards, and the concentration of sulfate (SO4), chloride (Cl) and fluoride (F) did not exceed international standards. However, in some samples, nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3) concentrations were higher than recommended standards. With Regard to other water quality parameters, 8% to 89% of the samples exhibited concentration higher than the values provided on the water bottle label. 5 species of different bacteria were found in 15 water samples. According to the WQI index, about 63% of the samples were of excellent quality. Also, the water quality of 34% and 3% of the samples fell in good and poor quality categories, respectively. None of the bottled water samples was of very poor quality.
Conclusion: The quality of bottled water investigated in this study was generally suitable, but due to the wide range of bottled water in Iran based on brand and seasons, continuous evaluation of water treatment methods in companies and careful monitoring of chemical and microbial quality of bottled water in all seasons is recommended.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
WATER
Received: 2021/08/4 | Accepted: 2021/11/1 | Published: 2021/12/26
Received: 2021/08/4 | Accepted: 2021/11/1 | Published: 2021/12/26
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