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A Fallahi, M.a Morovatti Sharifabad , A Haerian , M.h Lotfi ,
Volume 7, Issue 4 (27 2010)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Self-efficacy and decisional balance in the Trans-theoretical Model play an effective role in oral self-care behavior. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of education on inter-dental cleaning behavior based on the Trans-theoretical Model in pre-universstudents in the city of Yazd, Iran in 2009.
Materials and Methods: This was an intervention study. Based on statistical calculations, 361 pre-university students (mean age 17.53±0.55 years) were randomly allocated into groups of intervention (n=185, 51.2%) and control (176, 48.8%). Data on demographic characteristics, self-efficacy, and decisional balancing (perceived benefits and perceived barriers) were collected using a questionnaire with confirmed validity and reliability. Based on the trans-theoretical model, a 3-month educational program was prepared with sections on self-efficacy and decisional balance and conducted. At the termination of the program variables of the model were evaluated and the gingival index was determined by a dentist. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software, the statistical tests being ANOVA, paired t-test, t-test, Fisher, and correlation coefficient.
Results: Implementation of the educational program resulted in a significant decrease in perceived barriers (p<0.001) and significant increases in perceived benefits (p<0.001) and self-efficacy (p<0.001). In addition, the gingival index improved in the intervention group (p=0.01). The final mean self-efficacy, perceived barriers, and gingival index were not significantly different between the case and control groups, but a significantly positive effect was noticed in perceived benefits (p=0. 01).
Conclusion: The findings indicate that the educational intervention influenced desirably the gingival index, self-efficacy and perceived benefits in the students. Since the self-efficacy factor is an important predictor in oral self-care behavior, it is suggested to use the trans-theoretical model in educational interventions aiming at improving self-efficacy, increasing perceived advantages, and reducing perceived obstacles.
P Taymoori, A Falhahi, N Esmailnasab,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (14 2011)
Abstract
Background and Aim: There is evidence that physical activity declines during adolescence in Western countries. However, this pattern has not yet been shown in Iranian youth. The purpose of this study was to detect changes in physical activity behaviors, psychological factors (including perceived benefits, barriers, and self-efficacy), and interpersonal influences associated with exercise behavior during the transition from secondary school to high school in Sanandaj, Iran.
Materials and Methods: The data on a group of high school students in Sanadaj were collected in a cross-sectional study in 2006, with a follow-up in 2009. The study population in 2009 included 844 students (51% males and 49% females) with a mean age of 16.42 ± 1.73 years. Data on physical activity-related perceived benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, and interpersonal influences, as well as physical activity behavior, was collected, using self-reporting questionnaires. The SPSS-16 software was used for data analysis.
Results: The test of time effects indicated significant differences between the 2 sexes as regards physical activity and most of the psychological variables and interpersonal influences associated with exercise activities. The girls had less physical activity than boys at both time points. The duration of moderate physical activity at the first time point was 31.82 and 53.75 minutes for girls and boys, respectively the corresponding values at the follow-up were 23.7 and 44.7 minutes. Girls had lower self-efficacy and fewer perceived benefits and more perceived barriers for physical activity over time. The correlation test indicated more stability of family interpersonal influences for girls than for boys.
Conclusion: The results of this study provide evidence for decreased physical activity in boys and girls and sex differences in cognitive variables and interpersonal influences.
Kaveh Bahmanpour, Rounama Nouri, Heidar Nadrian, Behzad Salehi,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (21 2011)
Abstract
Background and Aim: This paper reports on the predictors of high school students' oral health behaviors (OHBs) based on the Pender's Health Promotion Model (HPM) in an attempt to identify effective factors that may be addressed through intervention efforts.
Materials and Methods: A multistage cluster sample of 403 high school students were recruited from 8 high schools in Marivan County, Iran. The study was conducted between April and July, 2010. Appropriate instruments were used to measure the relevant variables. The statistical analysis of the data included bivariate correlations, t-test, one-way ANOVA and linear regression.
Results: All HPM variables (perceived self-efficacy, perceived benefits and barriers, activity-related affects, interpersonal and situational influences and commitment to a plan of OHBs) were significantly related to OHBs among the respondents (p < 0.01), and a negative association was found between OHBs and perceived barriers (p < 0.01). All HPM variables were statistically significant predictors of OHBs and accounted for 42.2% of the variance.
Conclusion: Promotion of interpersonal influences and the students' perceived self-efficacy and also commitment to a plan of action should be priorities of any program aimed at promoting OHBs among students. School health care providers should suggest strategies to overcome the barriers of performing OHBs, rather than noting the benefits of these behaviors.
Maryam Moeini, Omran Mohammad Razzaghi, Mahmood Mahmoodi, Tahereh Pashaeie,
Volume 11, Issue 3 (1-2014)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with time to relapse and, thus, retention time, of a cohort of opioid-dependents under methadone maintenance treatment, using survival models, in the Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS).
Materials and Methods: A total of 198 opioid-dependent clients participating in the Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program, implemented by INCAS between April 2007 and March 2011, were included in the study. A Cox proportional hazard (PH) model was applied to determine predictors of relapse time among the patients.
Results: The data showed that 86 clients relapsed into drug use during the treatment program. The proportional hazard assumption was satisfied according to the goodness of fit test showing that Cox proportional hazard model was appropriate. Estimates of the PH model indicated that an increase of 1mg in the methadone dosage could lead to a decrease of 0.15 in hazard ratio and an increase in the length of treatment (p<0.001). Predictors for raising the probability of drug relapse included suffering from mental disorders (compared to mentally healthy: hazard ratio = 2.29, p<0.001), being a poly-substance user (compared to mono-substance users: hazard ratio = 4.80, p<0.001), and having retention experience in the past (compared to those with no previous therapy: hazard ratio = 1.90, p<0.001). Other variables entered in the model, including social and demographic variables, had no statistically significant effect on hazard ratio.
Conclusions: Although higher methadone dosages are associated with a longer time to relapse, we recommend highly to pay special attention to providing more therapeutic and consultive services to mental health patients, poly-substance users, and individuals with a past therapy record.
Masoomeh Hashemian, Arezoo Falahi, Fardin Gharibi, Parastoo Falahi,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (3-2014)
Abstract
Background and Aim: women’s barriers and beliefs are important in the care of teeth and oral health in family and it influence on family’s goals, values and health behavior. Depend on the role of women in shaping health behaviors in family and explain their experiences in the field of oral and dental diseases, the aim of this study was to apply grounded theory approach to develop a process about dental caries in women.
Materials and Methods: A grounded theory design was used for data gathering and analysis. 23 participants including 18 women, 3 dentists and 2 spouses were chosen through purposive and theoretical sampling methods. Face to face and semi-structured interviews and two focus groups were held to gather data. Interviews were recorded, taped and analyzed via the grounded theory method developed by Strauss and Corbin. In order to support the validity and rigor of the data, different criteria such as acceptability, confirmability and transferability were utilized.
Results: During the data analysis, the core category of “Promoting acknowledge for preservation of teeth” and five main themes of “destructive factors of teeth”, “maintaining dental”, “social and environmental factors”, “Effective believes in dental health”and“Trying to rebuild teeth” were developed.
Conclusion: To prevent of oral and dental disease, promoting women’s awareness is not only individual factor but also family, dentist, social and religious believers and policies and executive systems are important. The findings of this study can be effective in designing educational appropriate models in women’s oral and dental health and also may be useful for developing educational context in dentists and policymakers.
Arezoo Fallahi, Siamak Derakhshan, Tahereh Pashaee, Parvaneh Teymoori,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2015)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Although self-care is known to affect favorably the control and treatment of osteoporosis, the effective factors from the patients’ viewpoint have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to explore factors affecting self-care from the viewpoint of women suffering from osteoporosis.
Materials and methods: This was a qualitative study conducted with a content analysis approach in 2014, including 15 women consulting the bone mass densitometry centers in Sanandaj, Iran, selected by purposeful sampling. The inclusion criteria were women aged &ge 50 years suffering from osteoporosis diagnosed definitively at least 6 months before, a T-score index > -2.5 (lower back or hip bone), taking drugs upon a physician’s advice, ability to speak, and willingness to participate in the study. Data were collected through face-to-face and group semi-structured in-depth interviews and analyzed using the content analysis method. The accuracy and rigor of the data were confirmed based on such criteria as credibility, confirmability and transferability.
Results: Five main categories were extracted including “ background factors of the disease ”, “hope and weakness in confrontation with the disease”, “role of the physician”, “role of the family”, and “administrative centers and organizations”. Based on further analysis of the data, 11 subcategories were emerged including “cultural issues”, “lack of knowledge”, “non-priority of health”, “weakness and fear”,
“hope for the future” , “positive role of the physician”, “negative role of the physician”, “ active role of the family”, “ passive role of the family”, “ role of the media”, and “information centers”.
Conclusion: The finding of the study show that the responsibility of women suffering from osteoporosis towards their health is not a single-factor, but rather a multifactorial, phenomenon. Pre-requisites for empowering women to adopt self-care behaviors include increasing their hope to live longer, physician’s attention to the patient’s needs, increasing health promotion programs in the media, and strengthening role of the family (particularly role of men).
Arezoo Falahi, Esmaeil Ghahremani, Parastoo Falahi, Yadollah Zarezadeh,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (3-2016)
Abstract
Background and Aim: To succeed in study and deliver service to community, training spiritual and related skill is urgent need in public health students. The aim of study was to explore spiritual needs and related skills in public health students of Kurdistan University of medical sciences.
Materials and Methods: This research was done through content analysis approach in Kurdistan university of medical science in 2015 year. Public health 15 students’ needs and perspective investigated via purposeful sampling. Inclusion criteria were including willingness to participate in the study, public health students, and ability to speak fluently. Data was gathered using individual and group in-deep sim-structural interviews and field note. Interviews recorded, typed, and analyzed using content analysis method. credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability were employed to rigor and trustworthy of data.
Results: from Analysis of data were extracted 4 main categories: “individual interaction with superior existence”, “individual’s interaction with surrounding”, “strengthen individual characteristics”, and “improvement of study”.
Conclusion: the results of the study showed that acquiring of spiritual and life skills is an urgent need for students. Earning these skills not only is not an individual factor but also is multi-factorial and this is regarding to educational organizations, ministries, universities and families.
Farzad Aala, Sadegh Khodaveisi, Elham Baghdadi, Sasan Rezaei,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (3-2016)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Aspergillus arasiticus species can contaminate agricultural products both on the farm and in storage in tropical regions. In recent years much research has been conducted on extracts of, and chemical compounds derived from, plants to be used potentially to reduce growth of toxin-producing microorganisms. Not much information is available in this area, so this study was conducted to determine the antifungal effect of Pistacia Atlantica subsp. Kurdica on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus.
Materials and Methods: According to the microdilution method, based on the latest version of the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute (CLSI) Document M27-A3, modified M38-A2 protocol, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at different concentrations of Pistacia Atlantica subsp. Kurdica against the standard parasiticus species (ATCC15517) was determined.
Results: Pistacia Atlantica subsp. Kurdica could inhibit growth of Aspergillus parasiticus; the minimum concentration with an inhibitory effect on the growth of the fungus was 125mg/ml.
Conclusion: The Pistacia Atlantica subsp. Kurdica can potentially have a pronounced growth-inhibiting effect on A. Parasiticus. It is recommended to conduct more studies in this area to getinformation on expression of genes involved in the phenomenon.
Dad Khaoda Sadeghi Tejdano, Arezo Fallahi, Babak Nemat Shahrbabaki,
Volume 14, Issue 2 (9-2016)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Physical activity is a low-cost and uncomplicated way for the prevention of osteoporosis. The aim of the present study was to determine the interactive effects of constructs of perceived benefit, barriers, susceptibility and severity on perceived exercise behavior self-efficacy for prevention of osteoporosis based on the Health Belief Model in female-employees of Kermanshah City.
Materials and Methods: This analytic-descriptive study was conducted on 595 female-employees in the governmental and private organizations in 2014. Inclusion criteria included women between the age of 30 years and start of menopause and having no history of osteoporosis. Data were collected using a two-part questionnaire including questions on demographic variables and questions related to the Health Belief Model and analyzed using the SPSS and Lisrel software.
Results: Analysis of the data showed that perceived severity and perceived barriers had direct and indirect effects on self-efficacy for exercise behavior. Self-efficacy had the highest correlation with perceived benefits (r=0.319). Further analysis of the data revealed a significant inverse correlation between perceived barriers and perceived severity and a significant positive correlation between perceived benefits and perceived severity.
Conclusion: The results of this study show female-employees do not have a high perceived susceptibility or severity to osteoporosis. A high perception of barriers and a low self-efficacy perception indicate the need for implementing appropriate intervention programs and increasing preventive behaviors.
Behjat Marzbani, Parvaneh Taymoori, Bijan Nouri,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (6-2017)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The incidence of breast cancer in women is expected to rise sharply over the coming decades in Iran. The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for breast cancer in under-50-year-old women during the period 2013-2015 in Kermanshah, Iran.
Materials and Methods: This case-control study was carried out in Imam Reza Hospital and private clinics of oncologists (three clinics) in Kermanshah, Iran. The participants were 202 patients with breast cancer and 398 without breast cancer. Subjects of the experiment group were selected from among patients in the Departments of Oncology, Radiation Therapy, and Chemotherapy of the hospital, while the control group subjects were selected from among outpatients referred to specialty and subspecialty departments and private clinics of the hospital (outpatient, oncology, gynecology, ophthalmology, sonography, ENT, infertility). The two groups were matched for age. Data were collected by interviewing the subjects, the Gill standard questionnaire and the patients’ files and analyzed using the STATA software (version 12) ─ Odds Ratio (OR), 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and the Conditional logistic regression model.
Result: The following variables were found to be the most important risk factors for breast cancer among under-50-Year-old women: a family history of breast cancer in second degree relatives, an age of 18-35 years at the first childbirth, and a history of a benign breast lump.
Conclusion: It is recommended to conduct further studies on the subject with due consideration of other risk factors for breast cancer, as well as education of women about breast self-examination and importance of periodic clinical examinations.
Ensiyeh Babaie, Fereshteh Bakhshian, Aram Karimian, Reza Saadatmehr,
Volume 17, Issue 3 (12-2019)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Considering that a person’s identity in formed during adolescence and that such identity formation is of particular importance in this period and the many factors that play important roles in it, the present study was conducted to determine the factors related with identity formation among high school students in Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study. The participants were 394 high school students in Mazandaran Province, Iran selected by random cluster sampling. Data were collected using 3 questionnaires, namely, the Benion and Adams Identity Scale Questionnaire (EOM-EIS-2), the Identification Factors Questionnaire and a Demographic Questionnaire. For data analysis, Wilcoxon, Spearman correlation and linear regression tests were used.
Results: Over half (51.8%) of the participants were girls and 48.2% boys. The results of regression analysis showed that the factors studied (family, personality, school, community and culture and media) could explain 22.7%, 11.2%, 10.5% and 21.2% of the variance in turbulent, early, delayed and advanced self-identification in adolescents, respectively.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is recommended to organize parenting and student training courses and make the school environment more favorable for the students, as well as include extracurricular activities in the school to help students identify themselves more easily.
Leila Allahqoli, Azam Rahmani, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Arezoo Fallahi, Masoumeh Hashemian, Hamed Fallahi, Babak Nemat-Shahrbabaki,
Volume 17, Issue 3 (12-2019)
Abstract
Background Aim: Job burnout among health educators is increasing with serious physical, psychological and social consequences. The purpose of this study was to explore the causes of job burnout from the perspective of health educators and identify their needs for reducing it.
Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was carried out in comprehensive health service centers of Sanandaj, west of Iran, in 2017, including 15 health educators selected by purposive sampling. The data were collected through individual interviews and semi-structured group discussions, observation and field notes and analyzed using the conventional content analysis approach with due consideration of acceptability, verifiability and transferability to ensure the accuracy and strength of the data.
Results: The causes of job burnout were extracted in 5 categories including "issues related to comprehensive health service centers", "individual challenges of staff members", "management weakness", "executive system challenges" and "issues related to clients". The participants emphasized the following actions for reducing job burnout: strengthening individual skills, effective evaluation and management support, providing recreational and welfare facilities, reducing job stress, and strengthening intra- and inter-sectoral communications.
Conclusion: The results of this study show that various factors contribute to job burnout among health educators. Improvements in management, laws and welfare facilities not only would reduce job burnout but also may increase the efficiency of health education programs.
Kamal-Aldin Abedi, Rasoul Jannaty, Limoo Jannaty,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (11-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Based on the Iranian Social Security Organization statistics, in 2012 the accidents occurring in the construction industry accounted for 26% of all the occupational accidents in the country. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the individual and occupational risk factors affecting the causes of occupational accidents in this industry using the fuzzy hierarchical analysis approach in Kurdistan province, Iran.
Materials and Methods: The individual and occupational risk factors affecting the occurrence of accidents in the construction industry were first identified. This was followed by completion of a questionnaire, designed based on the fuzzy hierarchical analysis, by 121 safety officials, safety officers, Labor Office inspectors, university occupational health professors and occupational health graduates in Kurdistan Province, Iran in 2019. Based on the minimum acceptable incompatibility rate of 0.1, 40 questionnaires were discarded and, so, only the remaining 81 questionnaires were analyzed. The data were analyzed based on the fuzzy hierarchical analysis approach.
Results: Of the five individual factors and three occupational factors, the risk factor of unsuitable physical fitness for the assigned task and the risk factor of salary were found to have the highest weight risk factors, namely, 0.41 and 0.57, respectively.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the this study, it is suggested that in order to reduce the occurrence of accidents in the construction industry, the relevant project contractors should give due attention and priority to the financial concerns and physical fitness of the workforce.
Somayeh Nouri, Azar Tol, Roya Sadeghi, Afshin Bahmani, Mehdi Yaseri,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Despite the increasing prevalence of infection with some blood-borne viruses, no standard precautions have been developed so far based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). This study aimed to assess, based on the HBM, the predictors of adherence to standard precautions in preventing needle stick injuries among the Personnel of Sanandaj Teaching Hospitals, Sanandaj City, Iran in 2020.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 444 medical and non-medical staff members of the Sanandaj teaching hospitals in Sanandaj City, Iran, using a researcher-developed questionnaire. Descriptive and analytical data analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests, Pearson correlation coefficient, one-way analysis of variance, multivariate regression and the chi-square test, the software being SPSS version 22.
Results: The results of multivariate regression analysis showed that from among the HBM constructs, three constructs, namely perceived sensitivity (p=0.033), perceived benefits (p=0.032) and self-efficacy (p=0.001), were the predictors of staff duty performance (implementation of standard precautions) in preventing needle stick injuries. As regards the implementation of standard precautions, 22%, 75.3% and 2.7% of the staff members had a low, medium and high performance level, respectively.
Conclusion: The constructs of perceived sensitivity, perceived benefits and self-efficacy are the strongest predictors in adherence to standard precautions.
Maryam Tajvar, Mohammad Sarkout Ghosi, Elham Ehsani-Chimeh,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Assessment of disease risk with the ultimatevaim of implementing preventive strategies in the workplace is a necessity. This study was conducted to assess the risk of COVID-19 in hospital occupational groups in Saghez city, Iran.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 among three hospital occupational groups (total sample size = 300) in Saghez city, Iran, including physicians and nurses, as well as laboratory, administrative, financial, radiology and general service personnel, using the COVID-19 rapid risk analysis technique. Data were collected using a valid questionnaire based on the Likert scale and analysed (to determine acceptable, tolerable and intolerable risks) using the descriptive and inferential methods, the software used being SPSS-26.
Results: As regards the probability variable, the highest probability of occurrence of COVID-19 was related to the general service and administrative-financial occupational groups with an average of 1.6 and 1.5, respectively. The level of attitude was generally good and excellent. The analysis of the severity of the outcome variable was at a critical level in the physicians group (42.5) and at a catastrophic level in the other groups. In total, all occupations were rated at an unacceptable risk level (H), the general service and administrative-financial occupational groups being at a higher risk than other groups. There were statistically significant differences between the types of occupation on the one hand and the variables studied, as well as the individual characteristics and COVID-19 morbidity on the other hand.
Conclusion: Considering the high risk of occurrence of COVID-19 among the hospital professionals it is essential to develop and implement plans aiming at preventing and reducing the disease risk in them.
