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Urinary Incontinence, its Related Disorders and Risk Factors in Women
Farideh Dehghan Manshadi, Zeinab Ghanbari, Zahra Jabbari, Elahe Miri,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (11-2013)
Abstract

  Background and Aim: Urinary Incontinence (UI) as a main health problem affects on Quality of Life negatively. UI prevalence is reported between 3-57.1% in different countries. Nevertheless, there are limited studies about probable risk factors, e.g. type and number of delivery and related disorders such as anal incontinence. This study was aimed to investigate the UI risk factors and related disorders in our society.

  Materials and Methods : A cross-sectional study was conducted on 166 women with UI and 90 healthy subjects, aged 26-70(45.3±7.9) and 20-64(38.2±8.4) years respectively. After completing a designed questionnaire, assessment of vaginal tone, Pelvic Floor Muscles'(PFM) strength and endurance carried out. Independent t-test and Pearson correlation test were used to analysis the data. Values of p<0.05 were considered to be significant.

  Results: Our data showed that the mean of age, Body Mass Index (BMI) and number of deliveries in women with UI were significantly higher than that women without UI were (P<0.05).There was a significant difference regarding to the prevalence of anal incontinence and constipation between two groups (P<0.05). Reduced vaginal tone and lower strength and endurance of PFM were seen in women with UI (P<0.05).

  Conclusions: Regarding high prevalence of some pelvic floor disorders such as constipation in incontinent women, we recommend performing further epidemiologic and etiologic investigations , also emphasis on establishing multidisciplinary approach health/therapeutic centers to provide better services to these patients.


Association Between Organizational Socialization and Organizational Citizenship Behavior Among Tehran University of Medical Sciences Senate Staff Members, Tehran, Iran
Hossein Dargahi, Mahboubeh Anbari, Mahmoud Biglar,
Volume 21, Issue 1 (10-2023)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of employees in an organization as an optional and voluntary behavior may help to improve organizational productivity. It is important to know that encouraging employees to perform voluntary behaviors needs pre-employment education training in the format of organizational socialization. Therefore, this study was conducted to find the association between organizational socialization and OCB among Tehran University of Medical Sciences Senate staff members, Tehran, Iran 
Materials and Methods: This research was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study conducted in 2021-2022. The research population was a group of 1419 staff members in the Tehran University of Medical Sciences Senate, Tehran, Iran, from among whom an available sample of 243 was selected according to Krejcie and Morgan Table based on a response rate of 86%.  Data were collected using the Katz’s Organizational Socialization and the Organ & Konovsky’s OCB Questionnaires, the face and content validity of which had been determined by experts, and based on the Cronbach's alpha test the reliability of the questionnaires was found to be 0.83 and 0.81 for the organizational socialization and OCB questionnaires, respectively.  Data analysis for descriptive and analytical statistics was done using the SPSS software.
Results: The means of the employees’ organizational socialization and OCB scores were 3.8 and 3.35 (relatively high), respectively.  A statistically significant correlation was observed between the organizational socialization and OCB and their subthemes.
Conclusion: Explaining and encouraging voluntary behaviors of organizational citizenship among the employees through implementation of pre-employment and on-the-job training and empowerment courses may help to promote organizational productivity.
 
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