Showing 19 results for Azam
K Azam , A Gerami , K Mohammad , A Kazemnejad ,
Volume 2, Issue 1 (2 2004)
Abstract
In large–scale sampling opeartions (e.g. nation-wide health surveys) we always face the problem of non-response item(s) and/or non-response unit(s). In fitting a model to the data we have two groups of variables, namely dependent and independent variables. Non-response may occur for any of these groups of variables. In this paper we assume Y as a categorical dependent variable with three levels, Z and X as independent variables from any kind: scale, categorical, ordinal, etc. We have complete data on the first two variables and we assume that the missing items follow a random pattern (MAR). Then a model is devised based on the likelihood function for the whole data set (including missing values) and estimates of parameters are compared with those obtained by statistical programs such as SPSS, which are only based on completely observed data and ignore units with missing data. Our results show that the likelihood-based model is superior to the standard approach utilized by the software packages. The comparison is made using data on thyriod disease (goiter) obtained by a health survey in Gazvin province.
M Karimlou , K. Mohammad , M. R Meskhani , G.r Jandaghi , K Nouri , E Pasha , K Azam ,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (3 2006)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Logistic regression is an analytic tool widely used in medical and epidemiologic research. In many studies, we face data sets in which some of the data are not recorded. A simple way to deal with such "missing data" is to simply ignore the subjects with missing observations, and perform the analysis on cases for which complete data are available.
Materials and Methods: We consider methods for analyzing logistic regression models with complete data recorded for some covariates (Z) but missing data for other covariates (X). When data on X are Missing At Random (MAR), we present a likelihood approach for the observed data that allows the analysis as if the data were complete.
Results: By this approach, estimation of parameters is done using both Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian methods through the Markov Chain Monte Carlo numerical computation scheme and the results are compared.
The illustrative example considered in this article involves data from lung auscultations as part of a Health Survey in Tehran.
Conclusion: In comparing different methods, Bayesian estimates using the model described in this study are much closer to those generated by analysis of the full data by the standard model.
M Karimlou , K Mohammad , K Azam , M.a Noorbala ,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (2 2007)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The present article attempts to define the current trend for age at first marriage, based on the nationwide Health Survey of 1999 and using the Brass model.
Material and Methods: The national Health survey was conducted in 1999 and involved 1/1000 of the total population, selected via cluster sampling (clusters of 8 households each).
The sample used for the present study consisted of 16000 women aged 15-49, including 3026 women in Tehran province. Variables used for analysis were current age, marital status, age at first marriage and residential area (urban/rural). The mean age at first marriage for married women was 17.8 years (sd=3.7) for the whole country, and 18.2 years (sd=3.7) for Tehran province.
Results: The Brass model fitted to the data revealed a significant decreasing trend for the proportion of married women in all age groups, especially in the 15-19 year-old category.
Conclusion: This obviously indicates an upward trend for age at first marriage.
Mohammad Javad Golhosseini, Hossein Kakooei, Jamaleddin Shahtaheri, Kamal Azam,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (6-2015)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Motor vehicles are an absolute necessity used extensively in all countries of the world. They are a major cause of air pollution with highly undesirable consequences. Thus, exposure to traffic pollution is a growing public health concern. Several studies indicate that people in the cabin of a vehicle inhale air with high concentrations of pollutants such as nitrogen oxides(NOx), particulate matter (PM), volatile compounds (VOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO).
Materials and Methods: Eexposure of drivers inside motor vehicles to CO was assessed during one year in Tehran, Iran. For this purpose, the concentration of CO was measured in the breathing zone of 72 male taxi drivers using a portable real-time instrument equipped with electrochemical sensors. In addition, records of fixed air pollution monitoring stations in Tehran were examined and the CO concentration in those records were compared with those measured in the taxis.
Results: The mean in-vehicle CO concentration was 19.91 ± 4.37ppm, while records of fixed air pollution monitoring stations showed the concentration of this pollutant in the air to be 3.69 ± 1.03ppm.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that factors such as traffic density, weather conditions and vehicles lifespan affect the extent of exposure of taxi drivers to carbon monoxide.
Elham Gheysvandi, Hassan Eftekhar Ardebili, Kamal Azam, Mohammad Reza Vafa, Mojtaba Azadbakht, Tohid Babazadeh, Shadi Fathizadeh,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2015)
Abstract
Background and Aim : Milk and dairy products provide more than 50% of the calcium requirement in the daily diet of Iranians. In order to promote adolescents’ health and prevent the devastating effects of osteoporosis in adulthood, appropriate action should be taken to increase milk consumption among adolescents. The objective of this study was to increase milk and dairy products consumption among eighth-grade girl-pupils in Kamyaran City, Iran through designing and implementing an educational program based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB).
Materials and Methods : This was a quasi-experimental study conducted in 2014, including a total of 168 eighth-grade girl-pupils from two (out of six) schools, one as the intervention and the other as the control group, selected randomly by cluster sampling. The intervention group received education in 4 sessions, the educational tools being a pamphlet and a poster. Data were collected on the TPB constructs, food intake (by 24-hour dietary recall), and frequency of milk and dairy product intakes during the previous 3 days. All the participants completed the questionnaires at the beginning and 3 months after the intervention. The data were analyzed using the SPSS-18 software, the statistical tests being chi-square, independent-t and paired t-tests.
Results : The intervention brought about statistically significant increases in the mean scores of behavior intention, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (p<0/001). In addition, an increase was observed in the frequency of milk and dairy product intake, which was 0.36 units per day initially (p<0/001).
Conclusion : Considering the effectiveness and low cost of this intervention, expanding this program can potentially lead to a rise in milk and dairy products consumption among the pupils.
Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi, Mohammad Delavari, Mehdi Nateghpour, Mohammad Shekari, Habiballah Turki, Ahmad Raeisi, Azam Roshan,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2015)
Abstract
Background and Aim : Asymptomatic malaria is a great challenge in the control, elimination and eradication programs of the disease in the endemic areas. The infected individuals with asymptomatic malaria are not cured and are, consequently, a potential source for contamination of the mosquito vectors and spread of the disease in the area. Therefore, detection of asymptomatic infected people is very important as regards combating the disease. This study was conducted to determine the presence and prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in Jask district, Hormozgan Province, Iran during 2012-13, in the hope that the results will help in designing strategies to eliminate the disease in the area.
Materials and Methods: A total of 200 persons under coverage of health centers in Jask district were selected randomly and enrolled in the study. From each subject a 5-ml blood sample was taken in 3 occasions (total number of samples = 600), slides p repared and examined using microscopic and molecular (PCR) methods, as well as rapid diagnostic (RDT) tests.
Results: None of the 600 slides prepared microscopically showed any positive malaria case. Neither did any of those prepared by RDTs or Nested-PCR.
Conclusion : The findings of this study indicate that implementation of the malaria control program has been successful in the area therefore the malaria elimination program should continue.
Milad Azami, Zahra Darvishi, Milad Borji, Kourosh Sayehmiri,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (6-2016)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Anemia in pregnant women is a common disease in developing countries, the prevalence ranging between 35% and 100%. Based on a systematic review in 2005 anemia prevalence among Iranian pregnant women was estimated to be 12.4%. The objective of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine anemia prevalence among Iranian pregnant women between 2005 and 2016.
Materials and Methods: This systematic review, using standard key words, included databases Magiran, Iranmedex, IranDoc, SID, Medlib, Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochran, Embase, Springer, Web of Science, and Online Library Wiley, as well as the Google Scholar search engine of for the period 2005-2016. All the reviewed papers meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Data were analyzed using the random effect model based on meta-analyses, the software being Stata Ver.11.1.
Result: Twenty-five studies with a total sample of 56610 pregnant women met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of anemia was estimated to be 17% (95% CI: 14-20). The highest (23%) and lowest (12%) prevalence rates were observed in the center and west of the country, respectively. The prevalence was estimated to be 21% in urban areas and 8% in the rural areas.
Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia in Iranian pregnant women has increased over the last 11 years. Therefore, appropriate intervention programs must be implemented in premarital counseling and pregnancy clinics.
Masoumeh Dashtian, Hasan Eftekhar Ardebili, Kambiz Karimzadeh Shirazi, Mostafa Shahmoradi, Kamal Azam,
Volume 15, Issue 2 (9-2017)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Self-care has a vital role in the control and prevention of complications in patients with Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), two important behaviors in self-care being medication adherence and physical activity. Regular physical activity has been shown to improve glycemic control, reduce blood pressure, reduce lipids and improve cardiorespiratory fitness in individuals with T2DM. In addition, medication adherence is a key factor in controlling and decreasing the risk of related complications. This study aimed to determine and predict the most important factors affecting the levels of physical activity and medication adherence in patients with T2DM based on the theory of planned behavior.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study, based on the planned behavior theory, was performed on 160 selected men and women with T2DM referring to urban health centers in Yasuj, Iran in 2016; the selection was done by random cluster sampling. Data on medication adherence and physical activity were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software, the statistical tests being descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression; a p<0/05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.
Results: Altogether, 45% and 43% of the patients had a low and medium level of physical activity, respectively, only 12% having an acceptable level. The adherence to medication was much better ─ 76% had a good adherence. As regards the planned behavior theory constructs, perceived behavior control had a significant relationship with physical activity and medication adherence. Results of multiple linear regression also showed that perceived behavior control was a predictive variable for physical activity level and medication adherence in the patients.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, which indicate that the most important construct is perceived behavior control as regards medication adherence and level of physical activity, it is concluded that it is vital to strengthen the self-care component of health programs and support such programs.
Zahra Farahmand, Davoud Shojaeizadeh, Azar Tol, Kamal Azam,
Volume 15, Issue 2 (9-2017)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common public health problems worldwide. Diabetic foot as a late complication of DM imposes high physical and emotional costs to the patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an educational program based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) on diabetic foot care in type-2 DM patients.
Materials and Methods: Ninety seven (female=57, male=40) type-2 diabetes patients, randomly divided into two groups ̶ and intervention (n = 47) and a control group (n = 50) ̶ participated in this study. Using questionnaires data were collected, initially and 3 months after the educational intervention, on demographic characteristics, awareness and the HBM constructs. The intervention group participated in 3 educational sessions during the3-month period. The data were analyzed by SPSS 20, the statistical test being Shapiro-Wilk, Chi-Square, Wilcoxon, McNemar tests and paired T-Test.
Results: There were no statistically significant differences before the intervention between the experimental and control groups with respect to the mean scores of knowledge and HBM’s components (perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers, as well as self-efficacy and self-care). The intervention improved the scores significantly in the experimental groups (p<0.05), while there were no significant changes in the control group scores (p>0.05).
Conclusion: This study shows that type-2 diabetic patients need to learn how to take care of their feet and that implementing educational programs based on the Health Belief Model can be effective in this regard.
Masoumeh Amiri Siavashani, Davoud Shojaeizadeh, Kamal Azam,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Observance of the principles of infection control in dentistry is the basis of preventing the transmission of dangerous diseases such as AIDS, hepatitis and preventing the spread of diseases in the community. In view of the importance of dentistry education in the field of observance of the principles of infection control, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of educational intervention on infection control among dental students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
Materials and Methods: The present study is a pre and post interventional study that the number of samples is 75 dental students referred to Endodontics Department of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences for endodontic treatment and radiotherapy of teeth during treatment in the academic year of 95-96 that were selected by available sampling method and after determining the sample size, a researcher-made questionnaire was prepared based on the Health Belief Model and verified in terms of validity and reliability, and completed in two stages before and after training with a 3 month interval. Three training sessions were conducted in this study for 15-30 minutes during the course of one month as group training and question and answer. During these meetings, students were given useful materials about infection control in dentistry, pathogenic microorganisms, transmission methods, and infection control guidelines in dentistry radiology. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire based on Health Belief Model. after data collection, spss21 software was used to analyze them. Non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, paired t-test and non-parametric Wilcoxon test were used for statistical analysis of the 0/05 significance level before and after the knowledge and structures of the health belief model.
Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that 62.7% of the participants were female students and 89.3% of single students, and the participants in the study were from 8,9,11 terms. The results of this study showed that the mean and standard deviation of knowledge and performance scores of students toward infection control before training were 11.48 ± 2.23 and 5.48 ± 0. 93, respectively, and after the training were increased to 14.75±0.57 and 9.36 ± 0.91. This difference was statistically significant by doing paired t-test (p the comparison of the mean and standard deviation of the scores of other aspects of the health belief model regarding infection control among dentistry students also showed a significant increase.
Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that education based on the health belief model has been effective in controlling infection in dentistry students.
Hassan Ramshini, Azam Sadat Moghaddasi,
Volume 16, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The aggregation of misfolded proteins leads to various cellular malfunctions and disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. The conventional treatments of such diseases often fail due to their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. The ability of nanoparticles to influence protein folding and aggregation and, as a result, their potential therapeutic effect in diseases involving protein aggregation, sounds promising. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the amyloid aggregation of Hen Egg White Lysozyme (HEWL).
Material and Methods: Lysozyme was dissolved at 2 mg/mL in a 50 mM glycine buffer (pH 2.5) and incubated at 57 °C while being stirred gently with Teflon magnetic bar; the result was conversion of lysozyme to amyloid. The effect of the particles was assessed using different technics: Thioflavin T (ThT), Congo Red, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Toxic test (MTT). Data were analyzed using SPSS 16, the statistical test being the independent t-test.
Results: Incubation of lysozyme with AgNPs at a concentration of 3-60 mcg/L could inhibit the HEWL fibrillation (p<0.05). Surprisingly, the lowest concentration (3 mcg/L) was found to be the most effective; at this concentration, the lag time (nucleation phase) became longer and the fibrillation phase considerably shortened. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the aggregated amyloids in the cell culture decreased.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, it is concluded that silver nanoparticle surfaces can actas nano-chaperones and inhibit HEWL fibrillation; thus, they can potentially be used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Mahdieh Keykavoos Iranag, Hadi Pashapour, Azam Jafari, Khadijeh Keshavarzian, Mahmoud Khodamoradi, Abass Ali Dorosti, Asghar Mohammadpoorasl,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (12-2018)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Developing appropriate programs for community problem solving and community development and prosperity will be possible only after realistic identification of the community’s problems. Community health assessment is a process by which researchers and community members understand the health care system and community concerns through data collection and analysis, determining strengths and weaknesses and defining the community’s resources and demands. Basmenj is a town located 10 kilometer from the metropolitan City of Tabriz, Iran and on the verge of adjoining this metropolis. This paper reports results of the community assessment of this town.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in autumn 2017. The methodology used for community assessment was based on the eight-stage model of North Carolina. In the first seven stages the Basmenj community problems were identified and prioritized, followed, in the eighth stage, by developing an action plan for solving the problems in order of priority.
Results: Approximately 100 different problems were identified at the end of the first stage. Based on the Hanlon classification model, the top prioritized problems of the region were found to be, in that order, youth addiction, urban trashes, stray dogs, environmental pollution caused by Pars Color Company, narrowness of the main street, inner-city livestock farming, early marriage among girls, wastewater problems, youth unemployment, and high consumption and self-administration of anti-biotics.
From among these problems, the urban trashes problem was studied briefly. Factors playing a role in its causation were found to be as follows: lack of waste reduction and waste sorting programs, low citizens’ knowledge about trash gathering, absence of an appropriate urbane wastewater system, and, finally, lack of participation of citizens and the private sector in trash gathering and burying
Conclusion: A wide range of social, cultural and economic problems was identified. The top priority was found to be focusing on problems related to urban trashes. However, it should be noted that solving all the community problems identified requires the co-operation and support of all the governmental organizations, as well as involvement of the community at large.
Elham Faez, Seyed Abolfazl Zakerian, Kamal Azam,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (12-2018)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Ergonomics climate indicates employee perceptions of the extent to which the organization emphasizes and supports the design and modification of work, so that both performance and well-being of the personnel are improved. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the ergonomics climate assessment questionnaire in order to create a suitable tool for determining the overall values of an organization in connection with ergonomics and climate assessment.
Materials and Methods: First, the ergonomics climate assessment questionnaire was obtained from the Colorado State University of America, where it had been developed. The back-translation method was used to confirm its language suitability and precision. The content validity of the questionnaire was assessed by 10 relevant experts, followed by a cross-sectional study using a sample of 50 employees of a power generation plant using Cronbach's alpha to determine its reliability.
Results: The content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI) and reliability of thequestionnaire were found to be 0.90, 0.94 and 0.96 (a for the 59 items), respectively. These resultsindicating that the questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool.
Conclusion: Considering the acceptable validity and reliability of the ergonomic climate assessment questionnaire, it can be used as a valid and reliable tool to assess and analyze the status of ergonomic climate in different industries and organizations in Iran.
Niroomand Romiani, Bi Bi Sadat Miresmaili, Kamal Azam, Zahra Yousefi, Moslem Romiani,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (12-2018)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The Internet is a tool that responds to many human needs, but this technology can also have an impact on people's lives. This study aimed to examine the role of the Internet in family values.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015 in Tehran, Iran. The research population consisted of all the students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, the sample size being 384. Data were collected using a questionnaire, as well as The Young's standard questionnaire, and analyzed by the SPSS software version 22, the statistical test being one-way analysis of variance.
Results: The findings showed statistically significant positive associations (p<0.05) between the student's dependence on the Internet on the one hand and the following variables on the other: intimacy among users, family awareness and information, and the extent to which the students were using the Internet. However, no statistically significant relationship was found between Internet use and anonymity on the Internet.
Conclusion: The constant use of the Internet and accepting it as the main reference and channel for obtaining information have caused negative effects on family life and the relationships and values within the family framework. Therefore, university students should try to make optimum, more proper use of the Internet. It is also recommended that responsible authorities adopt appropriate policies and implement cognitive-behavioral interventions aiming at changing the patterns of Internet use.
Amineh Naderi, Shahram Fattahi, Somayeh Azami,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (6-2019)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The trade-off between monetary wealth and fatal safety risks is explained by the value of statistical life, an efficient tool widely used to evaluate projects and allocate appropriate resources for road safety. The objective of this study was to estimate the statistical significance of life in order to improve road safety in the city of Ardabil, Iran.
Materials and Methods: Data were collected, in 2017, using a questionnaire for interviewing 300 drivers traveling daily in the city and analyzed using the stated choice method and the mixed logit model. First the purpose of the interview was explained to the drivers and, after they agreed to collaborate, the interviews were conducted. The authors pledged to keep the information confidential.
Results: The statistical value of life and of the injury for road safety improvement were estimated to be 1,077,551,000 and 1,178,570 Iranian Rials, respectively. The richer people, older people and those with university education were more willing to pay for road safety improvements.
Conclusion: One of the strategies for economic investment in improving road safety can be conducting collaborative research projects with other institutions, as well as using the experiences of countries successful in this field. In addition, road safety improvement projects can, in order to absorb capital, target richer people.
Leila Allahqoli, Azam Rahmani, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Arezoo Fallahi, Masoumeh Hashemian, Hamed Fallahi, Babak Nemat-Shahrbabaki,
Volume 17, Issue 3 (12-2019)
Abstract
Background Aim: Job burnout among health educators is increasing with serious physical, psychological and social consequences. The purpose of this study was to explore the causes of job burnout from the perspective of health educators and identify their needs for reducing it.
Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was carried out in comprehensive health service centers of Sanandaj, west of Iran, in 2017, including 15 health educators selected by purposive sampling. The data were collected through individual interviews and semi-structured group discussions, observation and field notes and analyzed using the conventional content analysis approach with due consideration of acceptability, verifiability and transferability to ensure the accuracy and strength of the data.
Results: The causes of job burnout were extracted in 5 categories including "issues related to comprehensive health service centers", "individual challenges of staff members", "management weakness", "executive system challenges" and "issues related to clients". The participants emphasized the following actions for reducing job burnout: strengthening individual skills, effective evaluation and management support, providing recreational and welfare facilities, reducing job stress, and strengthening intra- and inter-sectoral communications.
Conclusion: The results of this study show that various factors contribute to job burnout among health educators. Improvements in management, laws and welfare facilities not only would reduce job burnout but also may increase the efficiency of health education programs.
Zeynab Zarei, Azar Tol, Roya Sadeghi, Kamal Azam, Maryam Sabouri,
Volume 19, Issue 3 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The practice of breastfeeding among mothers is affected by their knowledge of, and attitude to, it. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of intervention, using the transtheoretical model (TTM), on the knowledge, attitude and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among pregnant women in the third trimester referred to Golestan University of Medical Sciences in hospitals in 2021.
Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental intervention was conducted on 120 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 60) or a control (n = 60) group using the permuted block randomization. The data collection tools were a two-part questionnaire to collect data on demographic and obstetric characteristics and a researcher-made questionnaire based on the TTM. Due to the coronavirus Epidemic the education was conducted partly face-to face in five 30-minute sessions three times a week observing the health protocols and partly virtually via WhatsApp and Telegram messenger (audio file, video tutorial, electronic pamphlets and posters). The data collected one and six months after the intervention were analyzed using the SPSS software version 16, the tests being descriptive and inferential tests.
Results: The mean scores of knowledge, attitude, practice and the TTM constructs were not statistically significant between the intervention and control groups before the education intervention. One and six months after the intervention the mean scores of knowledge, attitude and practice and the TTM constructs, as well as perceived barriers and benefits in decision-making and self-efficacy were found to be significantly different between the intervention and control groups (p< 0.001).
Conclusion: Based on the findings it seems that breastfeeding education of pregnant women based on the transtheoretical model can improve their knowledge, attitude and practice as regards exclusive breastfeeding.
Leila Mohamadi, Azam Rastgoo, Asghar Nakhostin, Nooraldeen Mirzaee, Saeid Mazbouhi,
Volume 20, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The objective of this research was to identify the components of electronic foundation data theory teaching and learning in the workplace.
Materials and Methods: This research was conducted using qualitative content analysis with a conventional content analysis approach. The statistical population was comprised of two groups: 1.Three sources of information (a sample of 26 out of 317 textbooks, scientific articles and theses/dissertations) selected by judgment sampling; 2. Relevant specialists and experts (a sample of 22) selected according to the theoretical saturation technic. The methods and tools used to collect data and information included archival surveys and field studies (interviews and questionnaires).
Results: For the primary coding, 644 categories were identified and converted into 45 secondary categories based on common conceptual aspects, which were finally became nine (9) main themes in the axial coding phase; these themes were used to build the thematic network.
Conclusion: The research model shows that the following nine categories are involved in electronic teaching and learning in the workplace: 1). organization and management; 2). information and contents; 3). interaction and communication; 4). characteristics of the person who teaches; 5). effectiveness; 6). technical quality; 7). learning objectives; 8). learning requirements, and 9). electronic education dimensions.
Hanieh Sahebazamani, Mahmoud Azadi, Jaafar Talebian-Sharif,
Volume 21, Issue 1 (10-2023)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Down syndrome is one of the chromosomal disorders known as the most common genetic disorder causing health and medical problems such as mental, respiratory and cardiovascular problems. Parents of children with Down syndrome experience many problems and challenges in life. The purpose of this research was to find the concerns and tolerance strategies of parents of children suffering from Down syndrome.
Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in 2022-23 with a Colaizzi`s phenomenological approach. The research population was the parents of children with Down syndrome in Mashhad, Iran under coverage of the Welfare Organization, the sample being selected by purposeful sampling; after conducting 13 interviews, the researcher reached theoretical data saturation.
Results: Analysis of data revealed 4 main themes and 12 sub-themes in the section of parents' concerns and 3 main themes and 6 sub-themes in the section of tolerance strategies among the parents of children with Down syndrome.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study it can be concluded that the parents of children with Down syndrome have many concerns about the family life, the future of their children and their treatment process, as well as social problems. In addition, the parents who use spiritual tolerance strategies can deal better with the problems arising from living with their child.
