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The Prevalence of Active Human Herpesvirus 8 Infection and its Genotypes Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients
Rezvan Kakavand-Ghalehnoei, Zabihallah Shoja, Alireza Najafi, Mostafa Haji Mollahoseini, Somayeh Jalilvand,
Volume 14, Issue 3 (12-2016)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Considering the lack of information on the occurrence of the epidemic form of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) and the high prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients (46%), it was decided to estimate the incidence of KS in this group. Based on the fact that active HHV-8 infection leads to KS development, it is essential to first assess the prevalence of active HHV-8 infection in these patients. Most of the Iranian HIV-infected patients are not aware that they are HIV-positive. If the prevalence of HHV-8 infection is high in these patients, they may spread HHV-8 in the community by high-risk sexual behaviors, which would lead to an increase in the incidence of classic Kaposi’s sarcoma. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HHV-8 among HIV-infected subjects.

Materials and Methods: One-hundred plasma samples from HIV-infected patients were collected. Genome was extracted and assessed by the nested PCR assay with specific primers for ORF26. Positive samples were amplified for the ORF K1 region by nested-PCR. Subsequently their products were sequenced and their phylogenic trees constructed.

Results: HHV-8 was detected in 8 of the patients (8%). No statistically significant associations were found between age and gender on the one hand and HHV-8 infection on the other (p > 0.05). Two genotypes, namely, A and C, were identified, the former in two patients and the latter in one.

Conclusion: Although the prevalence of HHV-8 infection is high among Iranian HIV-infected patients, active HHV-8 infection rate is low among them. Therefore, it seems that the incidence of epidemic KS is likely to be very low in this group. Certainly more research is needed in this area. As regards genotypes, genotypes A and C are found in the samples.


Community Health Assessment to Identify Problems and Develop Operational Plans to Promote Health in the Soufian District
Farhad Shekari, Hadi Jalilvand, Asghar Mohammadpoorasl,
Volume 20, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The promotion of the health of the members of a society is based on the assessment of the situation of that society. This study was conducted in the Soufian district of Shabestar city with the aim of identifying and prioritizing its problems and needs with the direct participation of the people.
Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Sufian District of Shabestar city in 2019, the methodology used being based the 8-phases model of North Carolina. The community health assessment was performed in 8 phases. The first seven phases included identifying and prioritizing the problems of the District, and the eighth was developing operational plans to solve its priority problems.
Results: A total of 23 different problems were identified. Prioritizing the problems according to the Hanlon method showed the ten main and priority problems to be, in a descending order, as follows: marriage of girls at an early age (21.01), excessive use of chemical fertilizers in farmlands (20.89), lack of social security clinics (20.51), unemployment (20.38), severe air pollution caused by incineration of industrial waste (20.01), accumulation of municipal waste in the city (19.89), high hardness of city water (19.76), lack of property deeds (19.63), lack of a specific unit in the industrial town to separate waste (19.38), and lack of a gas supply to Mehr Housing and lack of asphalted roads (19.28). Marriage of girls at an early age was identified as the main problem and with the first priority, and a general preliminary study was done on it; it was found that in about 43% of all marriages registered between 2014 and the first half of 2021 the ages of girls were under 18 years. Factors causing and increasing marriage of girls at an early age were identified to be as follows: low awareness of girls' families and girls themselves of the consequences of early marriage, social acceptance of early marriage in the area and low parental literacy.
Conclusion: In this study a wide range of social, cultural, economic and health problems were identified in the population studied. Marriage of girls at an early age is an important social problem with serious undesirable consequences. In an attempt to solve this problem it is essential to consider, in addition to legal and legislative strategies and actions, appropriate scientific, social, cultural and economic strategies and applied research.
 
Prevalence and Distribution of Common Rotavirus Genotypes in Iran and Comparing them with Vaccine Strains Before the Start of the National Vaccination Program
Somayeh Jalilvand, Atefeh Kachooei, Tayebeh Latifi, Mahdieh Motamedi‐rad, Mohammad Farahmand, Nasir Mohajel, Zabihollah Shoja,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
 
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Prevalence and Distribution of Common Rotavirus Genotypes in Iran and Comparing them with Vaccine Strains Before the Start of the National Vaccination Program

Somayeh Jalilvan1, Atefeh Kachooei2, Tayebeh Latifi3, Mahdieh Motamedi‐Rad4, Mohammad Farahmand3, Nasir Mohajel5, Zabihollah Shoja6*
1- Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2- Ph.D. Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3- Ph.D. Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4- MSc. Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
5- Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
6- Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
* Corresponding author: zabihollahshoja@gmail.com, zshoja@alumnus.tums.ac.ir
Received: May 25, 2023                                                Accepted: Oct 11, 2023

ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: Since the discovery of rotaviruses in 1973, these viruses have been identified as one of the most important and common causes of diarrhea in infants and children all over the world. Before the introduction of rotavirus vaccination, this virus led to the death of more than 500,000 children in the world annually, which mainly occurs in developing countries. With the introduction of Rotarix and RotaTeq vaccines as well as ROTAVAC and ROTASIIL in the world, the death rate has decreased by 50%. Iran, like many countries, is in the period before rotavirus vaccination, and considering putting the rotavirus vaccine in the vaccination program is one of the priorities of the country's health system. Therefore, knowing the genotypes circulating in Iran in the past and recent years and their comparison with vaccine strains is very important. Our aim in the current study is to review the prevalence of rotavirus and its genotypes circulating in Iran and whether the existing vaccines based on the circulating strains in Iran can be effective.
Materials and Methods: Studies regard to the prevalence and genotypes of rotavirus in Iran were reviewed.
Results:  G1P[8] genotype includes more than 50% of circulating genotypes. Non-G1P[8] genotypes, including G4P[8], G3P[8] and G9P[8], have also had a high frequency in some studies. In addition, in a recent study, it has been shown that the rare and uncommon genotype G9P[4] has been introduced as a common genotype.
Conclusion: Studies in Iran have shown that the country may face a change in the rotavirus genotype pattern in the future. This study can provide useful information to recommend appropriate policies for rotavirus vaccination before the start of the national vaccination program and may even change policies for the use of existing vaccines.
 
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