Journal of School of Public Health and

---

The traditional methods is used to inspect based on the end-products in manufactures , yet. The Global movement is more commonly reffered to use HACCP system which its main characteristics is preventing contorl of hazards at all stages of food productions. The main goals of implementation of this project was based on three following points: 1-Preparation of a guidelines for application of HACCP system . 2-Familizariation of quality control officers and manufacturers with HACCP concepts,its principle,and establishment of HACCP in different food industries. 3-Establishment of HACCP in a selected Dairy plant as a pilot. To implement of this project, central and administrative groups were formed and 15 workshops were organized for introducing of system during 39 days. Then concerning to prerequistics and G.M.P, HACCP system established in selected plant successfully. This plant has been able to get the HACCP certification from a certification body. The result of this project indicated that establishment of HACCP system is possible in food industries.Preparation and implementation of HACCP has an effective movement in improvement of food safety quality management, food hygien, upgrades of food safety and consumer protection. In addition to above subjects , developing of this system throughout the country, could make a good oppourtunity for ability of competition in export fields and international trade such as join to WTO (World Trade Organization).

---

Background and Aim: Weight status perception is an important factor in nutritional behavior. The aim of this study was to determine Islamshahr women's self-perception of their obesity status and perception of their husbands' opinions regarding women's obesity status, as compared with the actual central obesity status of the women.

Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study carried out in 2003 on a cluster sample of Islamshahr women aged 20-65 years (n = 704). Data were collected by interviews and weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences were measured. A waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) greater than 0.849 was considered as central obesity. Based on the body mass index [BMI=weight/height²(kg/m²)],  underweight,  normal, overweight, and obese were defined as a BMI <18.5,  18.5-24.9 ,  25-29.9, and  ≥30, respectively.

Results: About 35% of the women with central obesity considered themselves underweight or normal. Married women's perception of husbands' opinions regarding their  obesity status showed about 45% misclassification. Women with central obesity who thought their husbands would assess them as underweight or normal were more likely [OR=18.6, 95% CI: 9.1 to 38.2] to underestimate their obesity status as well.

Conclusion: Misperception of obesity status is common among Islamshahr women. Considering the role of central obesity in metabolic diseases, menstrual disorders and increasing serum androgens, conducting nutrition education programs is essential for prevention and control of central obesity in the region studied.

---

Background and Aim: Mortality from cardiovascular and other chronic diseases has increased in Iran. Our aim was to estimate the effects of smoking and high systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), and body mass index (BMI) on mortality and life expectancy, nationally and sub-nationally using representative data and comparable methods.

Materials and Methods: We used data from the Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance Survey to estimate means and standard deviations for the metabolic risk factors, nationally and by region. Lung cancer mortality was used to measure cumulative exposure to smoking. We used data from the death registration system to estimate age-, sex-, and disease-specific numbers of deaths in 2005, adjusted for incompleteness using demographic methods. We used systematic reviews and meta-analyses of epidemiologic studies to obtain the effect of risk factors on disease specific mortality. We estimated deaths and life expectancy loss attributable to risk factors using the comparative risk assessment framework.

Results: In 2005, high SBP was responsible for 41,000 (95% uncertainty interval: 38,000, 44,000) deaths in men and 39,000 (36,000, 42,000) deaths in women in Iran. High FPG, BMI, and TC were responsible for about one-third to one-half of deaths attributable to SBP in men and/or women. Smoking was responsible for 9,000 deaths among men and 2,000 among women. If SBP were reduced to optimal levels, life expectancy at birth would increase by 3.2 years (2.6, 3.9) and 4.1 years (3.2, 4.9) in men and women, respectively the life expectancy gains ranged from 1.1 to 1.8 years for TC, BMI, and FPG. SBP was also responsible for the largest number of deaths in every region, with age-standardized attributable mortality ranging from 257 to 333 deaths per 100,000 adults in different regions.

Conclusion: Management of blood pressure through diet, lifestyle, and pharmacological interventions should be a priority in Iran. Interventions for other metabolic risk factors and smoking can also improve population health.

---

Background and Aim: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common medical problems in pregnant women. Nutrition plays an important role in the prevention and control of this disease. Some studies have found a relationship between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and food insecurity. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between food insecurity and GDM.

Material and Methods: : This case-control study included 274 pregnant women (137 GDM cases and 137 healthy controls) selected by convenience sampling. Data on the subjects’ food insecurity, demographic features and physical activity (MET) were collected by interviewing and their heights and weights measured. For the analysis of the data, the Chi-square test, independent sample t-test and multivariate and univariate logistic regression tests were used, the statistical software being SPSS 16.0.

Results: On the whole, 18.2% and 21.9% of the women in the case and control groups suffered from food insecurity, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the case and control groups with regard to a previous history of pregnancy, a family history of diabetes in the first and second degree relatives, and a history of giving birth to a baby weighing over 4 kgs.

Further analysis of the data showed a family history of diabetes mellitus and a low socio-economic status to be independent risk factors for GDB.

Conclusion: No statistically significant difference was observed between food insecurity of the women and gestational diabetes mellitus in this study. Despite this finding, considering that there are associations between food insecurity and other types of diabetes mellitus, we recommend further studies on this subject to be able to either accept or reject the hypothesis on the association between food insecurity and gestational diabetes mellitus.

---

Background and Aim: Despite the importance of reproductive health and the utilization of contraceptive methods, their significance in public health and well-being is not yet fully understood in developing countries. It is expected that significant changes in Iran's family planning policy, coupled with the emergence of Covid-19, have influenced the contraceptive methods employed in the country.
Materials and Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study including 1200 married women of reproductive age using a quantitative survey method in Shiraz city, Iran in 2019. Sampling was done using a combination of multi-stage and systematic random classification methods. Data collection was done through a researcher-made structured questionnaire and analyzed using the SPSS software, the statistical tests being chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression.
Results: The main predictors of using contraceptive methods included women's age, actual fertility, ideal fertility, education level of the couple, and the employment status of the couple. After the Covid-19 pandemic there was an increase in the likelihood of utilizing traditional contraceptive methods.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, considering the notable preference among women for traditional contraceptive methods, particularly during epidemics, it is imperative to educate them about the problems associated with these methods. As traditional contraceptive methods can result in unintended pregnancies, educating women about these methods should be integrated into population policies.
 

---

Background and Aim: Today, social health, as one of the four main axes of health, has gained a special significance in developmental and human-centered approaches, leading to the conduct of theoretical studies and extensive operational programs worldwide.
Materials and Methods: This study investigates the relationship between a health-oriented lifestyle and social health in infertile women, as reported by the Shiraz Reproductive Health Research Center. The overall design of this study is descriptive-correlational. 385 infertile women referring to reproductive health research centers in Shiraz were selected from infertility treatment clinics in Shiraz using a convenience sampling method and completed the research instruments. Then, the collected information was analyzed. Data analysis was examined in two parts: descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: Data analysis showed that a health-oriented lifestyle has a positive and significant relationship with social health and its dimensions, and that health-oriented lifestyle dimensions predict social health of infertile women. There is a significant relationship between social health and age. Social health among infertile women varies significantly by education and employment status. Also, there is no significant difference in social health among infertile women in terms of the number of abortions and duration of marriage.
Conclusion: According to the research findings, it can be said that educating infertile women about a health-oriented lifestyle can be effective in increasing their social health and, as a result, increasing the likelihood of infertility treatment success.
 

---

Background and Aim: The decline in fertility rates in Iran has prompted a reconsideration of population policies. Recent pronatalist policies have failed to increase fertility levels. Given the rising age at marriage among women and the consequent postponement of childbearing, maintaining fertility requires the utilization of modern technologies. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine women’s beliefs regarding oocyte cryopreservation and their association with individual characteristics.
Materials and Methods: The study population comprised married women of reproductive age. A total of 384 married women of childbearing age in Shiraz were surveyed using a standardized questionnaire. Sampling was performed through a combination of multistage cluster sampling and systematic random sampling. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 27.
Results: Age was positively correlated with favorable beliefs regarding oocyte cryopreservation (r = 0.133). Higher ideal fertility was also associated with more positive beliefs in this regard (r = 0.017). Regression analysis indicated that an increase in ideal fertility was significantly associated with more positive beliefs about oocyte cryopreservation (β = 0.588). Women with university education held significantly more positive beliefs than those with non-academic education (β = 1.105). Age was also identified as a significant predictor of positive beliefs (β = 0.07).
Conclusion: Higher educational attainment and improved socioeconomic status among women may contribute to more favorable beliefs toward oocyte cryopreservation. Positive attitudes toward this technology may, in turn, help maintain fertility levels and potentially increase them in the future.