Journal of School of Public Health and

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Background and Aim: Sleep disorders and insomnia are problems which create many problems for the elderly and imperil their physical and mental health. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of multi-component cognitive-behavioral therapy on insomnia symptoms and sleep parameters in elderly people.
Materials and Methods: The statistical population includes all the elderly people residing in Kahrizak nursing home, Tehran. The sample consisted of 30 elderly people with insomnia selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups.They completed the Athens Insomnia Scale and Sleep Log. The experimental group received the Edinger’s insomnia disorder multi-component cognitive-behavioral therapy in six 90-min sessions; the control group received no intervention.
Results: Based on  MANCOVA, ANCOVA and Benferoni post hoc, group comparison in the pre-test and follow-up showed that the average scores of insomnia and sleep-onset latency were statistically significantly reduced in the experimental group as compared to the control group, and the total length of sleep was significantly increased (P≤ 0/001). Follow-up did not reveal any significant differences between the experimental and control groups as regards the total time of staying in bed.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that psychologists and nurses working in area of elderly use the multi-component cognitive-behavior therapy to improve the sleep quality of the elderly.

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Background and Aim: Bullying is one of the most common problems among teenagers in many schools around the world, which is recently considered by researchers in the fields of psychology and even criminology as a traditional and cyber bullying.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the rate of traditional and cyber bullying among male and female teenagers in the secondary schools of Herat-Afghanistan three levels;first, second and third ones.
Materials and Methods: This paper was analyzed by quantative method and random sampling which used questionnaire such as bullying ,Punchin,Hindouja,llinios and Aleous questionnaire in Traditional and Cyber by using Spss software.The research sample included 360 students from the first, second and third grades of high schools in the city of Herat.
Results: The results of follow-up tests (Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney) with a significant level of less than 0.5 and 0.01 showed that the prevalence of traditional and cyber bullying among female students was higher than male students.On the other hand, there is a significant difference between traditional bullying and social dimension grades of the tenth -eleventh and eleventh-twelfth.The prevalence traditional of bullying in the eleventh grade is less than tenth and twelfth grades.
Conclusion: The results of the research indicate that students whose fathers are farmers are more bullied than other jobs.The results also showed that the prevalence of bullying in students whose mothers are housewives are lower than those students whose mothers are employed. Father's education does not affect student bullying, in addition the results of the study showed that cyber bullying rates are higher among students whose mothers are educated than illiterate mothers.

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Background and Aim: A person is more likely to become a violence victim in his/her family than outside the family. The purpose of this study was to investigate domestic violence, especially violence against women, in families in Herat Province, Afghanistan.         

Materials and Methods: A total of 130 female victims referring to support centers in Herat, Afganistan were selected using the accessible sampling method. A researcher-developed questionnaire was used to collect data.

Results: No woman older than 40 years referred to the centers, and the age of 65.4% of those referring was below 30 years.  The proportions of the women suffering from psychological, physical-plus-sexual and economic violence were 42%, 29% and 26%, respectively.  In addition, 65.4% of them had been married for at most 5 years and only 10% had been married for over 10 years. Further analysis of the data showed that about 60% of the clients were illiterate and only 13.8% had a bachelor's degree; 72.3% of the victims were housewives and only about 21% had freelance or office jobs; more than 70.2% of the victims were at the lowest income level, and about 76.6% had married with their own accord. As regards the victims' spouses, 88.5% were under 40 years of age, 57.7% were illiterate and 29.2% were high school graduates.  In terms of occupation, they were typically non-employed and had private jobs (13.8% workers, 22.3% farmers and 40.8% freelance). Furthermore, 95.4% had been married for the first time and 97.7% had one spouse. Finally, 83% of them (83.8%) were not addicts.

Conclusion: The most frequent complaints were related to psychological violence. Clients were typically under 40 years of age with a marriage history of less than 5 years. A typical victim in this study was a young illiterate woman who was financially weak; had a young, self-employed, low-educated spouse who had been married for the first time; had no other spouse; and was not a drug addict. 

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Background and Aim: In addition to health costs, institutions are a factor influencing directly and indirectly the promotion of health in a country. Air pollution, the main cause of which is the industry and in the control and reduction of which the governments have an important role, is another important factor affecting the health situation in a country. This paper reports the results of a study on the health impact of institutions, considering health costs and air pollution.
Materials and Methods: The impact of institutions on health in 38 developing countries during the period 2006-2018 was determined using the threshold panel method, health proxy life expectancy index and good governance index as the quality of institutions and explanatory variables of misery, per capita income, health costs and happiness. Based on the CO₂ threshold variable, the sample was divided into two homogeneous regimes and the model was obtained with EVIEWS (10) and Stata (15) software packages.
Results: The findings indicate that the governance index and happiness in both regimes are significantly positive. Health costs in the upper group were found not to be significant and in the lower group to have little effect on health. In addition, income was significant in both regimes, though with little effect. Finally, the misery index was also found to be significant, but its coefficient in the lower group was not in line with the relevant theories.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, institutions in developing countries play a major role and form a causal chain among other sectors which are very important in promoting health of the populations. Therefore, in order to promote health in these countries policies should be designed and implemented for institutional improvements.
 

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Background and Aim: Domestic violence is one of the most important cases of hidden victimization influenced by different factors. This research aimed to investigate the effect of Corona as a medical crisis on the level of domestic violence.
Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive research of the correlation type conducted on the statistical population of women in Mashhad City, the sample being 250 women in the outskirts of the city selected using the convenience sampling method. A researcher-developed questionnaire was used to get information related to the behavior of the husband when faced with different types of violence during a period of two years ─ one year before, and one year after, the corona virus outbreak. The Pearson's correlation coefficient method was used to find the semantic relationship of the variables.                                                                Results: The incidence of domestic violence has increased in the first year after the coronavirus outbreak. The highest and lowest shares of such violence were found to be related to emotional and verbal violence and sexual violence, respectively. The findings also showed a highly significant relationship between income and the increase in violence during the Corona era (P<0.01) but no statistically significant relationship between access to support services and increased violence. Finally, restricting access to gatherings was found to be the most important factor in increasing violence.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, it seems that policies related to imposing communication restrictions, home quarantine and the economic damage caused by them can be the main factors causing increased domestic violence due to coronavirus.