Showing 50 results for Mir
Ahmad Ali Noorbala, Hossein Malek Afzali, Nasrin Abedinia, Marzieh Akhbari, Alireza Moravveji, Fatemeh Vaseghi, Zahra Nakhi, Mamak Shariat, Maryam Mirzaeeneyestani, Fatemeh Sadat Ghoreishi,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (12-2018)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Stress during pregnancy can have a lasting effect on the mental health of women after childbirth. Statistics show that about 18% of pregnant women have major or partial depression during pregnancy, but many have not been screened or treated. Lack of treatment can have serious consequences for the mother and her child. The purpose of this study was to determine the mental health status and marital satisfaction of pregnant mothers in Kashan city, Iran in 2015.
Materials and Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study. Using the convenience sampling method 202 pregnant women were selected from four urban health centers in Kashan, Iran and entered the study. Data were collected using a Diagnostic Interview, the General Health-28 Questionnaire and the Golombok Rust Inventory of Marital State. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis, the statistical tests being one-way ANOVA, chi-square test, Pearson correlation test and logistic regression.
Results: The results showed that 26.7% of the pregnant women were suffering from psychiatric disorders, the most and least serious disorders being related to physical activity and depression, respectively. About 80% of the women expressed very good marital satisfaction. Further analysis of the data showed statistically significant associations between depression and age and anxiety, insomnia and duration of marriage, marital satisfaction and delivery type, and mental health and marital satisfaction. Furthermore, marital satisfaction had a negative association with education. (p<0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that it is essential to develop and implement a therapeutic, psychiatric and health care model for women at risk of psychiatric disorders during pregnancy and after childbirth in the health service delivery system in Iran.
Niroomand Romiani, Bi Bi Sadat Miresmaili, Kamal Azam, Zahra Yousefi, Moslem Romiani,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (12-2018)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The Internet is a tool that responds to many human needs, but this technology can also have an impact on people's lives. This study aimed to examine the role of the Internet in family values.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015 in Tehran, Iran. The research population consisted of all the students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, the sample size being 384. Data were collected using a questionnaire, as well as The Young's standard questionnaire, and analyzed by the SPSS software version 22, the statistical test being one-way analysis of variance.
Results: The findings showed statistically significant positive associations (p<0.05) between the student's dependence on the Internet on the one hand and the following variables on the other: intimacy among users, family awareness and information, and the extent to which the students were using the Internet. However, no statistically significant relationship was found between Internet use and anonymity on the Internet.
Conclusion: The constant use of the Internet and accepting it as the main reference and channel for obtaining information have caused negative effects on family life and the relationships and values within the family framework. Therefore, university students should try to make optimum, more proper use of the Internet. It is also recommended that responsible authorities adopt appropriate policies and implement cognitive-behavioral interventions aiming at changing the patterns of Internet use.
Mohsen Roshanpajouh, Roksana Mirkazemi, Mehrdad Ehterami, Houman Narenjiha, Hossein Malek Afzali, Hamidreza Sarrami, Majid Rezazadeh, Fatemeh Abbasi, Saeid Noroozi,
Volume 16, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Drug abuse is a long-standing social and public health problem in Iran. Access to accurate, reliable and up-to-date data related to drug use is essential for planning and policy-making for prevention of, treatment of, and harm reduction related to, drug abuse. The purpose of this study was to access accurate data regarding drug abuse prevalence and substance use in Tehran Province population.
Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional household survey with a sample of 6024 individuals aged 15-64 years residing in Tehran Province. Data on demographic characteristics and drug use during the previous week, month and year and the whole lifetime were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire.
Results: A total of 5646 individuals participated in the study. The lifelong prevalence of cigarette-smoking, hookah-smoking, alcohol consumption and drug use were 21.9%, 26.8%, 12.1% and 7.3%, respectively. The corresponding proportions during the previous week were 12.9%, 10.5%, 1.8% and 2.2%.
Conclusion: The prevalence of cigarette-smoking, hookah-smoking, alcohol consumption and drug use is high in Tehran Province. The prevalence of lifelong cigarette and hookah smoking and alcohol consumption is higher, while that of drug use is lower, than the respective national averages.
Samira Kazemi, Hadis Khoshnavaz, Masoumeh Ghorbanideh, Sakineh Varmazyar, Salman Sheikhi,
Volume 16, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
Background and Aim: In the household appliances industry, due to doing such work operations as manually moving pieces, there is the probability of occurring musculoskeletal disorders and muscle fatigue. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate muscle fatigue and its relationship with the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among personnel of a household appliances factory. Data were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistical and logistic regression tests.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study, including 150 employees of a household appliances factory, was conducted in 2016. Data about the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and muscle fatigue were collected using a standard Nordic and muscle fatigue assessment (MFA) questionnaire, respectively, and analyzed using the logistic regression test.
Results: The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the lumbar region, knees and neck was 33.3%, 25.3%, and 21.3%, respectively. In addition, the results of MFA showed that reduction of the risk of muscle fatigue in the shoulders, wrists and arms needs corrective action as a top priority in 28.7%, 28%, and 26.7% of the employees, respectively. Statistical analysis showed no significant relationship between muscle fatigue and the frequency of musculoskeletal disorders.
Conclusion: Considering disorders in the lumbar region and risk of fatigue in the shoulder region, the risk can be reduced by proper corrective actions, such as increasing the height of pallets, using tables with adjustable heights, and layout of the parts in a normal access range.
Amirhossein Kalantari, Esmaeil Ayati, Hamid Rasoulipour,
Volume 16, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Distracted driving, specifically cell phone use while driving, has been found to be responsible for traffic accidents and road casualties throughout the world annually. The aim of this observational study was to determine the frequency of drivers' engagement in hazardous secondary activities on Mashhad urban roads, particularly cell phone use.
Materials and Methods: This was a 3-month cross-sectional study. Data on drivers’ secondary task management on 17 randomly selected sites and 42 arterial and collector roads were obtained from Mashhad Traffic and Transportation Organization records and analyzed using the Pearson's chi-squared test.
Results: The rate of cell phone use was 5.27%, the most widely observed related task being handheld conversation (3.15%) followed by texting (1.83%) and hands-free use (0.28%). In addition, 1.75% of the drivers were engaged in other risky tasks such as eating, drinking beverages and smoking. Distracted female drivers and drivers aged 26-35 years were significantly more likely to be engaging in cell phone use, while drivers under 26 years old were the dominant group as regards texting. Further analysis of the data showed significant differences between male and female drivers as regards as behaviors while driving.
Conclusion: Based on the findings it is concluded that there are serious problems related to drivers’ secondary activities while driving. Raising public awareness, educational interventions, law enforcement and tougher legislation will certainly minimize deaths due to car accidents, as well as financial and social damage, due to drivers’ distraction, in line with achieving a safe social environment.
Homeira Soleimannejad, Hamid Poursharifi, Jahansha Mohammadzadeh, Kourosh Sayemiri,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (6-2019)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Adolescents' attitude to suicide is one of the major problems in mental health. Thus, research in this area is of utmost importance. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an integrated protocol in reducing the negative attitude toward problem solving as a determinant of suicidal tendency in adolescents and young people 15-24 years old in Ilam, Iran.
Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental pretest-posttest study with a control group, a sample of 40 adolescents 15-24 years old were selected by random cluster sampling in Ilam city, Iran. All of the participants completed a suicidal attitude questionnaire, as well a negative- attitude-toward-problem solving questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the SPSS-V19 software, the statistical test being the multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA).
Results: Multivariate analysis of variance analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the attested scores of the two groups (P <0.01, F = 0.408, Wilk's Lambda = 0.506). The differences between the experimental and control groups were significant as regards all of the components of the negative attitude. The training based on the integrated approach to negative attitude in problem solving was found to have been effective. The post-test scores of two variables, namely, problem tendency-avoidance and personal control, decreased in the experimental group; however, one other variable, namely, trust in problem-solving, increased.
Conclusion: Based on the findings it can be concluded that education based on an eclectic (integrated) approach towards the negative attitude to problem solving can be effective in adolescents and the youth 15-24 years old with suicidal tendencies ─ suicidality. Hence, it is recommended to administer training programs such as problem-solving, emotional regulation and mindfulness to help psychologists, parents, adolescents, health professionals and social pathologists to reduce and prevent suicide in adolescents.
Nayereh Namazi, Amirmansour Alavi Naini, Firouzeh Mostafavidarani, Zahra Boroumandfar,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The present study aimed to determine the stages of changes and cognitive and behavioral processes (Transtheorical model) in the use of nutrients in overweight middle-aged women.
Materials and Methods: The present study was a descriptive-analytic. The research sample consisted of 281 middle-aged women with overweight referring to comprehensive health centers in Isfahan. Personal characteristics, stage of change and behavior and cognitive behavioral processes, and FFQ questionnaire (168-item) were completed by Questioning, and then the information entered the N4 and SPSS 18 software, and information was analyzed using descriptive and analytical tests.
Results: 57.7% of the people were inactive (pre-thinking, thinking, preparation) and 42.3% of them were in active phase. There was a significant difference between the different stages of change and the use of behavior change processes (p=0.001) And Benfrown's test shows the increasing use of cognitive and behavioral processes during the stage of change in use of nutrients (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The difference in the mean of changes processes during the stage of change show the impact of these processes on the nutritional individual's behavior, which is recommended to use stage of change and behavioral change processes for education nutrition behavioral.
Mir Masoud Fatemi, Mohammad Kharrazi Afra,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (3-2020)
Abstract
Zahra Mansurnejad, Mokhtar Malekpour, Amir Ghamarani,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (11-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Childhood and adolescent externalizing behavior is a serious public health issue, and the family, as an underlying factor, may play an important role in preventing or reducing behavioral problems in childhood and adolescence. The aim of this study was to investigate the effective of parental autonomy support training on school students' externalizing behavior.
Materials and Methods: Thirty school students who had got high scores in the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were selected and randomly assigned to an experimental (N=15) or control (N=15) group. Mothers of the pupils in the experimental group participated in seven 90-minute sessions receiving parental autonomy intervention training; the control group did not received any training. The CBCLs were completed before and after the intervention and compared. The data were analyzed using the multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA).
Results: Multivariate covariance analysis showed a statistically significant difference between the scores of the experimental and control groups (p <0.01, F = 21.123, Wilk's Lambda = 0.266). However, no significant difference was found between the two groups as regards aggression, breaking the law and externalized behavior. Further analysis of the data revealed that parental autonomy support skills training favorably influenced the school students' aggression, law-breaking and externalized behavior.
Conclusion: Based on the findings it can be concluded that parental autonomy support training can be effective in decreasing externalized behavior in school students. Hence, it is recommended to develop and implement training programs for parents and school teachers in areas of meaningful rationales, use of non-controlling language and offering meaningful choices aiming to reduce and prevent externalized behavior in school students.
Saeedeh Pakdel Varjoei, Azar Tol, Roya Sadeghi, Mir Saeed Yekaninejad, Bahram Mohebbi,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (11-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Patient education is an essential component of diabetes control, and increasing the health knowledge of diabetic patients based on suitable educational theories is crucial. This study aimed to determine the effect of educational intervention using the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) on improving the nutritional habits among patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in Maragheh city, Iran during 2017-2018.
Materials and Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial conducted on 136 diabetic patients under coverage of Maragheh health centers, Maragheh city, Iran, randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control (68 participants in each group). The data collection tool was a three-part questionnaire with questions/items related to demographic characteristics and nutritional habits, as well as constructs of TTM and HbA1c based on the TTM. The educational program included four weekly sessions of 45-60 minutes each. The data were analyzed using the SPSS16 software, the statistical tests being descriptive and inferential tests such as ANCOVA; the significance level was set as a p-value < 0.05.
Results: Before the intervention, the comparison and control groups did not differ significantly as regards demographic variables, HbA1c, TTM constructs and nutritional habits (p<0.05). After the educational intervention, the mean scores of nutritional habits, constructs of TTM and HbA1c were statistically significant in patients with type 2 diabetes (p <0.01).
Conclusion: The study results reveal that the application of transtheorical model can improve the nutritional habits of diabetic patients.
Sara Shahbazi, Maryam Tajvar, Zeinab Khaledian, Mir Saeed Yekaninejad, Hossein Dargahi,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: In 2020 the rank of Iran in happiness index and gender inequality were reported to be rather low, they being, among 153 countries, 118 and 113, respectively. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between gender inequality and happiness in Iran's provinces.
Materials and Methods: This ecological study was conducted based on secondary analysis of data on happiness index, as the dependent variable, and gender inequality, as the main independent variable, in 31 Iranian provinces, the statistical population being people over 10 years old. The sources of data on other background variables were previous national studies and the national statistical yearbook. Analysis of the data was done using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression.
Results: No significant relationship was found between gender inequality and happiness (p<0.05) in the provinces. Neither was found any relationship between the background variables and happiness. However, the mean age of the population and gender inequality were inversely associated (p<0.05), meaning that with an increase in the mean age gender inequality would decrease.
Conclusion: The fact that no statistically significant association was found between the various variables and happiness in Iran’s provinces could be due to the small sample size.
We would recommend to investigate further this topic at the individual level and with a larger sample size.
Safoora Mavaeeyan, Fazlolah Mirderikvand, Masoud Sadeghi,
Volume 19, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in Iran. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of existential-humanistic therapy in self-acceptance and marital satisfaction in women with breast cancer.
Materials and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population was the women with breast cancer referring to Shahid-Rahimi Hospital in Khorramabad, Iran in 2020, from among whom two groups (experimental and control) of 15 women each were randomly selected and asked to complete the self-acceptance (USAQ) and marital satisfaction (ENRICH) questionnaires. Then the experimental group attended eight 90-minute intervention sessions. After the intervention, both groups took a post-test and followed up further after two more months. The data were analyzed using
the repeated measures ANOVA test.
Results: The repeated measures ANOVA test showed that the interaction between group and time was statistically significant. Therefore, the self-acceptance and marital satisfaction variables increased significantly (F=5/77, P<0/01 and F=13/97, P<0/01, respectively).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, existential-humanistic therapy has a significant effect on self-acceptance and marital satisfaction in breast cancer patients. It is, therefore, recommended to pay attention, in addition to the physical problems of such patients, also to their psychological problems and, along with pharmacotherapy consider psychotherapy, including existential-humanistic therapy as well.
Ali Mohammad Mosadeghrad, Hosein Dargahi, Mahdi Abbasi, Mina Mirzaeianrad,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Occupational injuries are an important human resource management challenge with negative effects on employees and organizations. A knowledge of the prevalence of occupational injuries is the first step in eliminating or reducing them. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of occupational injuries among financial employees of hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional questionnaire survey conducted in 2019 in 13 hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences using a valid questionnaire to gather data. A total of 162 questionnaires were randomly distributed among the financial staff of the hospitals, but only 147 subjects completed the questionnaires. Data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software.
Result: Analysis of the data showed that 52.6% and 50.2% of the financial staff of the hospitals were suffering from physical and mental occupational injuries, respectively. Most of the occupational physical injuries were related to headache, neck pain, back pain and visual impairment, and most of the occupational psychiatric injuries were stress and anxiety. Female and single employees experienced significantly more occupational injuries. Working in a sitting position for a long time, lack of proper equipment operation, lack of safety and health facilities, insufficient training and carelessness of staff were the causes of musculoskeletal injuries.
Conclusion: About half of the hospital financial staff were found to suffer from occupational injuries. Occupational injuries had had direct and indirect costs for the employees and the hospitals. Hospital managers should plan and implement measures to eliminate or reduce occupational injuries at an individual, group, and organizational level.
Arezu Amirali, Ameneh Elikaei, Roxana Mansour Ghanaie, Idesbald Boone, Abdollah Karimi, Tim Eckmanns, Andreas Lutz Jansen, Fatemeh Fallah, Noushin Marhamati, Niloofar Pashaei, Shahriar Janbazi, Ahmad Reza Shamshiri, Hamid Reza Baradaran, Mohammad Hossein Rostami, Masoud Alebouyeh,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the seroepidemiological history of SARS-CoV-2 infection among asymptomatic children in Tehran.
Materials and Methods: Blood samples of children younger than 14 years old were collected during the period autumn-winter 2020 and spring 2021 and tested for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody using the EUROIMMUN ELISA kit. In addition, questionnaires were used to collect demographic and infection status information in the participants. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software.
Results: Out of the 1142 children collected from the children with no COVID-19 symptoms, 33.3% (381/1142) were found to have had a history of SARS-CoV-2. The positive samples in girls and boys were 34.1% and 33.03%, respectively. Analysis of the data showed no statistically significant differences between the infection rate on the one hand and age, family size, underlying diseases, gender or occupations of the family members on the other hand. In addition, the infection rate was significantly lower in autumn 2020 than in winter 2020 and spring 2021.
Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 infection can occur in children with no clinical symptoms. In addition, the infection rate is in direct correlation with an increase in age of the children.
Banafsheh Taqfaghodi, Bahram Mohebbi, Roya Sadeghi, Azar Tol, Mir Saeed Yakanejad,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death in most countries of the world, hypertension being the most important cause of disability. The aim of this study conducted in 2020-2021 was to determine the effect of educational intervention on the nutritional knowledge, illness perception and dietary adherence in hypertensive middle aged women based on the transtheoretical model (TTM).
Materials and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study on middle-aged women (30-59 years old) suffering from hypertension referred to the health centers and health bases in the 21st district of Tehran in 2020-2021. A total of 164 subjects were randomly assigned to the intervention (n=82) or control (n=82) group by randomized quadruple blocks. A multifaceted questionnaire was completed for both the control and intervention groups and their blood pressure measured. This was followed by a one-month virtual education for the intervention group in the form of a WhatsApp group and designing and developing fifty-six podcasts and educational clips with a maximum duration of four minutes based on the transtheoretical model constructs. After a lapse of one and six months both groups completed the questionnaire again and their blood pressure was measured. Descriptive statistics and general linear model were used for data analysis using the SPSS version 25 (p<0.05).
Results: Before the intervention the mean age of the subjects was 50.16 years and their systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 1.35 and 1.84 mmHg, respectively, and there were no statistically significantly differences between the two groups as regards contextual variables, constructs of nutritional awareness, disease perception, diet adherence, systolic and diastolic blood pressures and body mass index (as an ananthropometric index) and transtheoretical model constructs. Data one month after the intervention revealed significant differences (p<0/001) between the two groups (p <0/001) as regards the constructs of nutritional awareness, disease perception, self-sufficiency construct of the transtheoretical model and systolic blood pressure. Six months after the intervention significant differences were observed between the two groups as regatds nutritional awareness constructs, disease perception (p<0.007), diet adherence (p<0.001), stages of change constructs (p<0.001) and self-sufficiency (p<0.001) of the transtheoretical model.
Conclusion: The results of this study show that educational intervention based on the transtheoretical model in middle-aged women with hypertension can increase their nutritional knowledge, illness perception, self-sufficiency, self-adequacy and diet adherence.
Alireza Delavari, Abbas Vosoogh-Moghaddam, Zahra Kazemi Esfa, Zahra Beigom Seyed Aghamiri,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (6-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The District Health Network is based on the principles of equity, appropriate technology, inter-sectoral collaboration and public participation. Measuring patient satisfaction is one of the basic criteria in determining the quality of care services. The purpose of this study was to compare the level of satisfaction of service recipients between government and non-government health posts in the south of Tehran in 2021.
Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study. A two-part researcher-developed questionnaire was used to collect data. The first part included items related to demographic characteristics of the clients, insurance status, geographical location and type of health post, appointment system and frequency of visits, and the second part contained questions on the type and level of satisfaction with the services provided.
Results: In the governmental health posts, the clients were mostly satisfied with, in a decreasing order, vaccination services, post-vaccination education, waiting time and physical space. In the outsourced posts, post-vaccination care education, under-one year old child care, vaccination and a sense of responsibility obtained, in an increasing order, the highest scores of satisfaction. Further analysis of the data showed the clients’ least satisfaction with youth and middle-aged care in governmental posts and youth care in outsourced posts.
Conclusion: Continuous and frequent measurement of satisfaction and developing timely interventions based on the results obtained will help greatly promotion of the quality of health services.
Zahra Tavakoli, Bahram Mohebbi, Roya Sadeghi, Azar Tol, Mirsaeed Yekaninejad, Masoud Alimardi,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (6-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Physical activity and nutrition are important topics in adolescent health. This study aimed to determine the predictors of nutritional knowledge, behaviors, and physical activity in fifth-grade elementary school female students
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 480 female students in the fifth grade of the elementary school in Gods city in 2020-2021 by cluster random sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire two-part questionnaire of contextual questions and questions about knowledge, nutritional and physical activity, virtual in the Shad messenger. The content validity ratio and content validity index was used to determine validity, and the intra-cluster correlation index to determine the reliability, of the questionnaire. In data analysis, descriptive statistical tests, Pearson
correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis were performed using SPSS 27.
Results: The results of multiple regression analysis showed the effect of nutritional knowledge variables on nutritional behavior (p <0.001, β = 0.159) and physical activity knowledge on nutritional behavior (p = 0.008, β = 0.120) if the Physical activity knowledge variable was not effective on physical activity behavior and also nutritional knowledge variable had no effect on physical activity behavior.
Conclusion: Increasing knowledge of nutrition and physical activity improves students' nutritional behavior, but this increase in knowledge does not affect physical activity behavior. The sedentary lifestyle and the presence of the Covid-19 pandemic appear to have significantly reduced physical activity. By increasing knowledge, nutritional behavior and physical activity can be improved to some extent
Leila Mohamadi, Azam Rastgoo, Asghar Nakhostin, Nooraldeen Mirzaee, Saeid Mazbouhi,
Volume 20, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The objective of this research was to identify the components of electronic foundation data theory teaching and learning in the workplace.
Materials and Methods: This research was conducted using qualitative content analysis with a conventional content analysis approach. The statistical population was comprised of two groups: 1.Three sources of information (a sample of 26 out of 317 textbooks, scientific articles and theses/dissertations) selected by judgment sampling; 2. Relevant specialists and experts (a sample of 22) selected according to the theoretical saturation technic. The methods and tools used to collect data and information included archival surveys and field studies (interviews and questionnaires).
Results: For the primary coding, 644 categories were identified and converted into 45 secondary categories based on common conceptual aspects, which were finally became nine (9) main themes in the axial coding phase; these themes were used to build the thematic network.
Conclusion: The research model shows that the following nine categories are involved in electronic teaching and learning in the workplace: 1). organization and management; 2). information and contents; 3). interaction and communication; 4). characteristics of the person who teaches; 5). effectiveness; 6). technical quality; 7). learning objectives; 8). learning requirements, and 9). electronic education dimensions.
Fatemeh Setoodehzadeh, Hossein Ansari, , Fatemeh Nazari, Fatemeh Khabiri, Mohammad Hassan Amiri Moghaddam,
Volume 21, Issue 3 (12-2023)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The health system is trying to prevent unnecessary referrals to higher levels by providing tiered services and thus reduce the cost of health care. Therefore, this study was conducted in Zahedan City, Iran with the aim of finding the causes of referrals from level 1 to higher tiers in rural areas.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 458 rural patients referred to the second level in the rural areas of Zahedan City, Iran. Data were collected from the family health files available in the Sib system and analyzed using the SPSS-16 statistical software, the statistical tests being descriptive statistics (percentage, frequency) and Chi-square test.
Results: The highest (57.6%) and lowest (4.1%) proportions of referrals to the second level of service provision were found to have been in 2018 and 2016, respectively. From among the referred patients nearly 50% had been referred due to the need for a higher expertise, thus most referrals (67.2%) were to specialists. Further analysis of the data showed that only in 23.6% of the cases there was a feedback from the higher level to the first level.
Conclusion: The findings show that referrals from family physicians to higher levels in the health system requires higher medical expertise and patient insistence. In addition, feedback to the first level of service provision has not received proper attention. Establishing interactions between physicians and other health service levels, refresher training of physicians, emphasizing the importance of providing feedback and promoting the awareness of patients can reduce to a large extent inappropriate referrals.
Mohammad Amin Mirzaei, Majid Sartipi, Mehdi Mohammadi,
Volume 21, Issue 4 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice in most patients with kidney disease. It is a surgical operation in which a person’s kidney with chronic failure is replaced with a healthy kidney. The present study was conducted with the aim of estimating the survival probability of a transplanted kidney in patients with chronic kidney failure in Zahedan city, Iran.
Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical retrospective cohort study using the survival analysis method carried out in 2020. The sample size was estimated to be 211 patients.
Data were analyzed with SPSS.VER22 software using descriptive tests, the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards model of survival.
Results: The data obtained showed that in general 45 (21.3%) clients had been rejected. In the multiple logistic regression model of kidney transplantation several variables, including survival time, patient survival variables, marital status, donor status, blood pressure and diabetes remained in the model (P<0.05). Further analysis of the data revealed that in the kidney disease patients with transplant survival in Zahedan city, only donor status variables, high blood pressure and diabetes remained in the final multiple Cox regression model.
Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be said that the probability of survival of kidney disease patients is independent of the type of donor and the characteristics of the recipient, which indicates the evolution of kidney transplant management over the past few years; dialysis before kidney transplantation also has an effect on the probability of survival. These factors can help to increase the probability of kidney transplant survival.
