Showing 700 results for Type of Study: Research
F Zamani Alaviche, H eftekhar Ardebili , N Bashardost , T Marashi , A Naghibi ,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (5-2004)
Abstract
The goal of this study is to evaluate women&aposs behaviors while their family planning programs fail or facing unwanted pregnancy. This is a cross-sectional study. The population is all 15-49 years pregnant women (788 people) in the villages (62 villages) of Najaf Abad City having active health center. Data were gathered through interview and their profiles. They were recorded in questionnaires.T test and X2 were used to analyze data.
The results showed that high-risk behaviors happen %44/3 more when family planning program fails. 105 (%31/72) of women having unwanted pregnancy did unsuccessful activities in order to end their pregnancy. The activities are different. %35 was physical such as: hitting, lifting heavy objects or using unhealthy vulva objects, %28/6 used injection, %9/5 eat chemical and plant medicine. And the other used two or three ones together. Women showed good behaviors in %91 of wanted pregnancy and %45 of unwanted pregnancy. There is significant relationship (p=0/001) between dealing with pregnancy and it&aposs being wanted and unwanted. There is also significant relationship (p=0/Q01) between women&aposs education and their behaviors toward pregnancy. According to the research findings more than one third of women did high-risk activities when a family planning program fails or facing unwanted pregnancy. These certainly influence their own and their family mental and physical health. So role of the prevention, counseling techniques and women&aposs support must be considered more than before. Society should be become aware of the unwanted pregnancy symptoms.
E Jaberi , A Jazayery , A Mohagheghi , A Rahimi ,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (5-2004)
Abstract
On the basis of recent retrospective and prospective studies, it is now widely accepted that increased total plasma homocysteine is a strong, independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Some studies have detected hyperhomocystememia in more than one - third of patients with coronary vascular disease. With an increase in total homcysteine (tHcy) concentration of 5 janol/L, the relative risk of cardiovascular disease has been estimated to increase by 60% for men and 80% for women. In a cross-sectional study we investigated tHcy concentration in 35-65 year-old ischemic heart patients (n=348, 157 men and 191 women) in a clinic in Tehran.
Fasting total homocysteine level was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and using the internal method. The data were analyzed statistically using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the independent t-test. The results showed that while 18.96% of the patients had a normal tHcy level (<8 /imol/lit), in 27.52%, 50.52%, and 2.8 % of them the level was almost high (8-<12 /imol/L), high (12-<25 /imol/L), and abnormally (>25 /imol/L), resapectively. The mean tHcy concentration in men was significantly higher than in women ( P= 0.02). More extensive studies should be conducted to assess the tHcy status in the Iranian population at large.
A Mohammadi , H Eftekhar Ardebffi , F Akbari Haghighi , M Mahmoudi , A Poorreza ,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (5-2004)
Abstract
Measuring of service quality is the basic prerequisite for improving quality. Patients&apos expectations and perceptions of service quality play an important role in the choice of hospital, loyalty to organization and behavioral intention. A first step towards improvement would be to determine areas of quality that are most defective. Studies show that consumers are in close contact with service providers, and they are involved in the service process. Therefore, this group can measure services quality better than any other group. This study was conducted to measure service quality based on patients&apos expectations and perceptions in Zanjan hospitals.
The cross-sectional design was used in this research. For data collection, SERVQUAL questionnaire was employed. To ensure the reliability of the questionnaire, the internal consistency reliability test (Cronbach alpha) was performed.
Findings: Cronbach alpha for service quality was .94. Results show that the assurance (knowledge, experience and ability to maintain patients&apos confidence and trust) was rated as the most important dimension. (SQ mean = -1.3). There were differences between patients&apos expectations and perceptions in all the dimensions.
the assurance dimension constitutes the most serious problem facing hospitals. It is recommended that physicians thoroughly explain the disease condition to patients, and that patients should be treated with dignity and respect.
K Jahangiri , K Mohammad , S.r Majdzadeh , A Noorbala , G.h Zamani ,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (6-2004)
Abstract
This cross- sectional study was done to assess the prevalence of chronic cough by age and date of birth (age-period-cohort analysis). Using data from two National Health Surveys in 1991 and 1999 (involving cross-sectional general population samples), we studied all cases of chronic cough recorded during the period of 1991 to 1999 in people aged 2 to 70 years. A birth cohort analysis was performed on the data. Comparison with earlier surveys showed that the prevalence of chronic cough had fallen from 4.5% to 1.8%. Age-period-cohort analyses of the age effect revealed that prevalence rate of chronic cough increased with age but in every age group it actually decreased after the 8-year period. The fact that different trends are observed in cross-sectional and cohort data points to a strong cohort effect. the prevalence of chronic cough is strongly determined by a person’s year of birth. Also for any given age group, prevalence rates were lower in younger compared to older cohorts.
A Choobineh , M Lahmi , M Hosseini , R Khani Jazani , H Shahnavaz ,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (6-2004)
Abstract
Carpet weaving is a high risk occupation for developing MSDs, as awkward working postures, repetitive movements, contact stress and long working time are common. The objectives of the present study, which was carried out at the Iranian hand-woven carpet industry, were determination of MSDs symptoms prevalence, workstation and working posture assessment, identification of major factors associated with MSDs symptoms in different body regions and developing guidelines for workstation design. In this study, 1439 randomly selected weavers from 9 Iranian provinces have participated. Data on personal details, workshop characteristics and MSDs symptoms was collected by questionnaire. Posture and workstation assessment were performed by observational technique. The results revealed that musculoskeletal symptoms prevalence rates in shoulders (47.8%), lower back (45.2%), wrists (38.2%), upper back (37.7%), neck (35.2%) and knees (34.6%) were high as compared to general Iranian population (for neck, back and large joints p<0.0001). Working postures were found to be deviated form neutral. Lack of proper seat, leg clearance, adjustment mechanisms, together with incorrect weaving height made weavers worked in constrained, harmful postures. The results were subjected to multivariate analyses in order to find the major factors associated with musculoskeletal symptoms. Several such factors were identified for symptoms of each body regions. Identified ergonomic factors were loom type, working posture, daily working time, seat type and type of knots. Based on the results, some general guidelines for weaving workstation design were developed. The prototype test showed that the new workstation was acceptable to subject tests and improved working posture.
Gh Molavi , J Massoud , M.j Gharaguzlo , M Mahmoudi , Sh Solaymani, M Khooban ,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (6-2004)
Abstract
Liver flukes-induced pathological changes in liver parenchyma and biliary passages are so severe that, in some cases, may cause total physiologic dysfunction. The human disease is endemic to some parts of the country, and there were two vast epidemics of the human fascioliasis in Gilan province, northern most part of the country. According to WHO reports , the human disease is prevalent in Gilan, Mazandaran, and Isfahan. However , the aim of the present study was to collect more information about the naturally- infected animal hosts, and to extend the Knowledge to prognosticate the pathologic effects occurring in human cases of liver flukes in endemic parts of the human disease. The present study was carried out in slauther houses of Gilan and Khuzestan province, two most endemic areas of human and animal Distomatosis, respectively, from spring 2002 to summer 2003. A total of 30 infected livers were collected, and were examined both for visible gross and microscopic changes. The results of the present study showed that the pathologic changes varied from mild effects to total biliary bstruction. Most of the present knowledge on pathology of the human disease is based on studies in animal models. To have precise and comprehensive information about the tissue changes in naturally –infected animal may help to describe some unanswered concepts about the pathology of the human distomatosis.
R Azizian , B Saroukhani , M Mahmodi ,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (6-2004)
Abstract
Across the world, violence against women is a major threat to their physical and mental well-being. This violation of the most fundamental human rights usually takes the form of family or domestic violence. According to global statistics, the rates of death and disability resulting from violence to women of reproductive is comparable to those from cancers and more than those due to car accidents and infectious diseases. Data for this cross-sectional study were collected from women referring to Tehran Forensic Center, with a view to obtaining a realistic picture of violence to women. The women in this study had presented with wounds and injuries inflicted by their husbands. These women had been referred to the Center by family courts to complete legal formalities concerning injury diagnosis and duration of treatment. Data were gathered on 120 subjects randomly selected women who completed questionnaires and interviews. The main factors underlying family violence were examined from five different aspects: behavioral and educational problems (79.2%), financial strain (54.2%), interference by the husband’s family (39.2%), sexual problems (13.3%), and differences in culture and social class (10%). However, many women declared that several factors were contributing simultaneously to the problem of violence. Factors found to have an accelerating or interfering role included the woman’s age and the couple’s education level.
Aghamolaei T., Sobhani A,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (6-2004)
Abstract
Primary school students constitute an important demographic category: the fact that they are going through a phase of rapid physical, social and mental growth makes them especially vulnerable to the obnoxious effects of disease and malnutrition. In Iran, one of the major causes of malnutrition and growth deficiency is lack of food. The objective of this study was using anthropometric techniques to assess nutritional status in primary school students at Bandar Abbas. This is a cross-sectional study involving 1300 subjects selected by cluster sampling. Indices used in this study were weight for age (W/A), weight for height (W/H), and height for age (H/A). Malnutrition was defined as an index value more than 2 standard deviations below the standard level. We found wasting (W/H) in 15.7%, stunting (H/A) in 11.7% and underweight (W/A) 21.2% of the subjects, with no significant difference in nutritional status between boys and girls. Prevalence of all three types of malnutrition increased with age and school grade. Students who had received nutrition education showed better nutrition status compared to those without such background education. Measures to control malnutrition can include education, proper recording and follow-up of nutrition and growth data in the form of health files, and nutritional interventions. The latter is particularly relevant in higher age groups and school grades.
A Mardani , H Keshavarz ,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (6-2004)
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis of broad geographic distribution. This disease is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The most important ways to diagnose the disease are the serological techniques such as IFA and ELISA. The aim of this consideration, was comparison between the two methods, IFA and ELISA, in order to determine the incidence of antibody against Toxoplasma in pregnant women. In this descriptive-cross sectional study, from 600 pregnant woman whom have referred to Alzzahra and Izadi maternity hospitals of Qom, during four months (from Sep.2001 to Jan.2002), the specimen of blood have been prepared. After bloodletting and parting of serum, IFA and ELISA have tested its specimens. From 600 specimens of serum, from the tested mothers by IgG-ELISA method, 257 individuals (%42.8) and by IgG-IFA method, 246 individuals (%41) had Specific IgG antibody. Also, The comparison between the two methods, IFA and ELISA, demonstrates that 246 cases (%41) were positive in both methods, and 343 cases (%57.2) were negative in both methods, and only 11 cases (%1.8) were positive in ELISA and negative in IFA technique. In this study, the effect of different factors has been studied, in which deal with the prevalence rate of Toxoplasma infection. Although, these results shows that transmission of Toxoplasma infection in this city, like other parts of world and Iran has been done, but considerable percent of pregnant women (%57.2 by ELISA method and %59 by IFA method) lacking any type of acquired immunity against of this infection. Therefore, considering secure status and accomplishing exclusive experiments before marriage and also training and informing the people of region especially pregnant women with educational programs and supervision in pregnant period is necessary. On the other hand, with regard to the rate of concordance of the two tests (%98.2), The ELISA because of its high sensitivity and specificity, easier technique and lower expense it is preferred in order to screening Toxoplasma infection.
M.r Shidfar , D Shojaizadeh , M Hosseini , N Assasi , F Majlesi ,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (6-2004)
Abstract
To determine the level of knowledge and to assess attitudes and lifestyles in patients with unstable angina. A descriptive study was conducted among CCU patients in Mashad hospitals. 180 subjects were chosen by sequential admission. They filled an 82-item questionnaire covering demographic variables (4 items) - knowledge (5 items) –attitude (56 items) – lifestyle (17 items). Findings indicate that the global level of knowledge is sufficient on issues such as cardiac risk factors, current treatments, and treatment compliance. The same patients showed very low knowledge of pain-inducing behaviors. Meanwhile, attitude scores turned out to be relatively low in some areas including perceived threat of disease (severity and susceptibility) and internal health Locus of Control. Health care professionals (physicians, nurses,..) tended to ignore the need for proper education of cardiac patients. There is a strong need to promote patient education in order to enhance knowledge and bring about a change in attitudes.
Gh.h Edrissian ,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (6-2004)
Abstract
One of the main problems in malaria control is the resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and some other antimalarial drugs. This resistance is now quite common in most regions where falciparum malaria is endemic. Between 1968 and 1976, two in-vivo studies were carried out in endemic areas in the south of Iran and they showed P. falciparum to be chloroquine-sensitive. In 1983, the Department of Protozoology in the School of Public Health undertook in vivo and in vitro studies on the response of P. falciparum to chloroquine and other antimalarials. In the Iran-Shahr region a few cases of in vivo resistance to chloroquine were found in 1983, and the rate of resistance was 5.7% at RI level. Between 1994 and 1996, resistance in this region gradually increased to 51.2% at RI, RII and RIII. In Bandar-Abbas and Kahnoudj areas, prevalence of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum infection was 32.5% at RI and RII from 1986 to 1987 it increased to 64.8% at RI,RII and RIII levels from1994 to1996 and then altered between 68% and 84% at RI and RII levels in the 1997-2001 period. 88 chloroquine-resistant patients were treated with standard doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethmine (Fansidar) alone or in combination with amodiaquine and then examined with 28-day in-vivo tests. In 13.6% of them resistance was observed at RI and RII levels. In micro in-vitro tests, using WHO standard kits, the rates of resistance of P. falciparum to chloroquine, amodiaquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, mefloquine and quinine were 33.4%, 15.2%, 17.9%, 2.2% and 0.0% in 281, 72, 39, 44 and 72 cases respectively. As mefloquine has never been used in the studied areas, the sporadic cases of in-vitro mefloquine resistance may be considered as cases of innate and/or imported resistance. Primary resistant casese was seen mostly among Afghan and Pakistani immigrants/passengers. Hence these individuals are likely to have introduced chloroquine–resistant malaria into this country. The in vivo response of Plasmodium vivax to chloroquine was also studied in 827 patients was also studied in the endemic areas of the South-East between 1995 and 2001. The mean parasite clearance time (MPCT) was 2.78 and no resistant cases were found. Most cases in these studies had been referred by the local Malaria Control Laboratories to the research facilities at Health Training and Research Centers in Bandar-Abbas and Iran-Shahr. Some had received chloroquine, and those with a good response had not been referred. Therefore, the high rates of chloroquine resistance found in these studies probably do not reflect overall resistance rates at population level. To determine true resistance levels in these areas, all eligible patients must undergo WHO’s simplified in-vivo tests performed by trained malaria microscopists or laboratory technicians.
H.h Salimzadeh , H Eftekhar , N Asasi , M Salarifar , A.r Dorosty ,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (7-2004)
Abstract
As adoptin and maintenance of healthy eating behaviours is an important factor for Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) prevention , this research was conducted to determin dietetic risk factors in relation to IHD. This is a case – control study conducted in fall 2003 in Tehran Heart Center and Tehran Shahid Rajaii hospital. 100 subjects with IHD, as cases and 100 controls with no cardiovascular disease in their medical history, participated in the study.Nutritional data was collected by Food Frequencey Quastionnaire. Some important risk factors including hypertention, hyperlipidemia,diabetes, Body Mass Index (BMI) and physical activity were evaluated. There was a positive association between IHD and consumption of fats and a negative association between IHD and consumption of fruits and vegetables.The most important factors were low intake of fish and high intake of fried foods that increased the risk of disease 13.96 and 54.65 times, respectively. Also 73% of patients had high risk diet while only 17% of controls had high risk diet. High risk diet increased the risk of cardiovascular diseases approximately 20 times. The main dietetic risk factors in this study were : low intake of fish, fruits and vegetables and lower consumption of oiles while hydrogenated fats with undesirable trans-fatty acid content, were the main source of dietary fat, in case group. Therefore community-based educational programmes are nesseary to promote healty nutrition.
A Moradi , R Majdzadeh , H Zeraati , G Zamani , V Zonoobi , S Gajariye Sepanlou , M Sangi ,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (7-2004)
Abstract
Considering the importance of the mass campaign for measles-rubella vaccination in the elimination of measles and Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and also the necessity of the accurate quantitative and qualitative assessment of the process of this program and the estimation of the information coverage regarding the passive launch of the program, this assessment has been carried out within the population covered by Tehran University of Medical Sciences using a standard method. This study is descriptive- analytical. The necessary sample size was defined as 390 people for the estimation of the immunization coverage, 190 people in each step of the information coverage (and a total of 570 people for the overall three steps), and finally 24 executive teams for the assessment of the quality of the service. Lot Quality Assurance Sampling and subsequent analysis were used for the assessment of service quality, with the upper threshold set at 80% and the lower threshold at 30%. Each lot was defined acceptable or unacceptable based on the quality of the vaccination, the cold chain, the competence of the human resource, and the availability of the necessary materials and equipment. Data analysis was done using the Chi Square and Fisher’s exact tests. 96.4% (95% CI: between 94.6% and 98.2%) of the people between 5 and 25 years old had received the MR vaccine. 7 people (1.8%) of the vaccinated people were not in the target group of vaccination. From the total 190 people who were studied on the basis of information coverage, 152 people (80.9%), 184 people (96.8%) and 190 people (100%) were informed about the mass campaign for MR vaccination in the first, second, and the third steps respectively. More than 80% of the people were informed about the program through TV. The quality of the vaccination was acceptable in 19 executive teams (79.1%) and unacceptable in the other 5 executive teams (20.9%). In this study, the quality of the cold chain was acceptable in 23 executive teams (95.8%) and unacceptable in one team (4.2%). The competence of the human resource, the necessary materials and equipment for MR vaccination was acceptable in all 24 executive teams under study (100%). The enforcement of the mass campaign in such short period of time compared to similar programs in other countries demonstrated the success of the collaborators in the execution of this program. Overall it seems that regarding the quality of vaccination, information coverage, and the provision of materials and equipment in health centers of the districts, the program has achieved its goals.
M Malakootian , K Yaghmaean ,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (7-2004)
Abstract
Management of solid wastes and improvement of its operational quality is dependent on the functional elements such as generation ,storage , collection,transportation ,processing ,and disposal. When these collections act on the basis of knowledge and sufficient information of present status and according to a set of coordinated guidelines and regulations , it proves useful in the promotion of the health quality of the community .Since it is necessary to know the present status in order to plan a better management of municipal solid wastes, a comprehensive study had been conducted in summer and fall of 1382 to aim at people’s knowledge ,attitude, and practice to the municipal solid wastes management of Kerman. The results of this study showed that the majority of the resident of Kerman enjoyed of sufficient and relatively good information and collectively had high degree of knowledge ,attitude ,and practice. The converge of knowledge ,and positive attitude people was 94.3% and 84.3% respectively ,and 72.4%of subjects was reached to good practice score. These systematic ,coordinated , and good results are indicative of the fact that the community is susceptible to accept amendments and to exercise comprehensive municipal solid wastes management. It is recommended to make advantage of this potential power in promoting the health quality of the community members along with applying functional elements of municipal solid wastes management in order to improve present operational status of the municipality.
M Arab , F Akbari , M Mahmodi , E Sadaghiani ,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (7-2004)
Abstract
People, government and Health Insurance organization’s (HIO) spend a great deal of mony each year in Health sector. They expect an effective and acceptable outcomes as well as wellutilization of all resources (including Human Resources). The goal of this article is studying the effects of managerial styles employed by Hospitals heads on operational indices among Iran’s public hospitals. The study is a cross- sectional one and data collected cross- sectionally. Study population includes 355 public hospitals which were divided in 3 categories as large (>400 bed) medium (200 – 400 bed) and small (<200 bed). A questionnaire was used for data collection and interviews also conducted for the same purpose. The questionnaire included question about styles of leadership as well as operational indices. Leadership types determined as lycert models (4 styles). Findings demonstrate the effects of Hospitals head’s leadership styles on increase of decrease of outcome indices among study population. A cording to the findings participatory management has had more positive effects on the indices than the 3 other styles had.
F Dehghan Manshadi, M Ghasemi, A.r Soltani, B Pashaii,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (7-2004)
Abstract
A Rabani, A Kavyani, D Jalili, Gh Esmaeli Javid,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (7-2004)
Abstract
M Tslimi Talaghani, A Jazayeri, A Keshavarz, H Sadrzadeye Yeghaneh, A Rahimi,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (7-2004)
Abstract
Many studies indicate that the nutritional knowledge and practice of adolescent girls are inadequate. Few surveys were performanced about effect of nutrition education on knowledge, attitude and practice in this vulnerable group. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of two nutrition education methods (guidebook and group discussion) on the nutritional knowledge, attitude and practice of first-grade guidance school girl students in Tehran ’s 8th district, in 2003.A total of 300 students were selected from 11 guidance schools by simple random sampling and divided into three 100-student groups: 1-guide-book, 2-group discussion, and 3-control. Data on the nutritional knowledge, attitude and practice were collected using pretest and posttest questionnaires. The students in group1 were given the guide-book and required to study it at home, while group 2 students were told to discuss among themselves the contents of the guide-book. The control group were given nothing to study or to do. The pre-test showed that the mean scores of nutrition knowledge (K), attitude (A) and practice (P) were not statistically different among the 3 groups. The scores for the 3 variables increased in the guide-book and discussion groups significantly at the end of the study period (in all cases, p<0.001), while the inter-group comparisons also showed that the K and A scores were statistically different among the 3 groups the P, however, was not different among them. Conclusion: Both methods (guide-book and group discussion)increased the level of nutritional knowledge and attitude as compared to (a) – the control group,and (b) – the initial values. Also both methods increased the level of nutritional practice as compared to (b) – the initial values. The group discussion method was more effective than the guide-book method in the promotion of the nutritional knowledge of the students.
M Khobdel , M Seyedi Rashti , M Shayeghi , S Tirgari ,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (7-2004)
Abstract
Myiasis is always resulted by depositionof egg or young larvae of cyclorrhapha
flies’ in live tissus of human or animals,which follows by their Development.
Although the survival of mentioned larves is depended on existance of livestock and
wild animals, the flies can be seen in parks, dairy farms and certain plants and also
solid wasts waiting for proper hosts.
The frequent study was carried out in Tehran and suburb and adalt flies were netted in
different areas, indoors and outdoors and taken to the laboratory for identification.
Twenty-two species of flies were identified. Thirteen species were medically
important and four species consisting: Calliphora vomitoria, Lucilia richardsi,
sarcophaga fertoni, Sarcophaga peregrina were identified and reported for the first
time in Iran.
F Shokro Lahi , M.h Hasanpoor , M Azar , A Djazayeri , R Abouali , D Khosravi ,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (4-2005)
Abstract
The traditional methods is used to inspect based on the end-products in manufactures , yet. The Global movement is more commonly reffered to use HACCP system which its main characteristics is preventing contorl of hazards at all stages of food productions. The main goals of implementation of this project was based on three following points:
1-Preparation of a guidelines for application of HACCP system .
2-Familizariation of quality control officers and manufacturers with HACCP concepts,its principle,and establishment of HACCP in different food industries.
3-Establishment of HACCP in a selected Dairy plant as a pilot.
To implement of this project, central and administrative groups were formed and 15 workshops were organized for introducing of system during 39 days. Then concerning to prerequistics and G.M.P, HACCP system established in selected plant successfully. This plant has been able to get the HACCP certification from a certification body.
The result of this project indicated that establishment of HACCP system is possible in food industries.Preparation and implementation of HACCP has an effective movement in improvement of food safety quality management, food hygien, upgrades of food safety and consumer protection. In addition to above subjects , developing of this system throughout the country, could make a good oppourtunity for ability of competition in export fields and international trade such as join to WTO (World Trade Organization).
