Showing 8 results for Pregnancy
M. Hosseini, B Ghavami, H Salimzadeh, H Eftekhar Ardabili,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (8-2009)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Unwanted pregnancy is a widespread problem globally and in Iran, which can lead to low birth weight (LBW)-one of the most important causes of mortality in newborns. This study was conducted to assess the risk factors among women with unwanted pregnancies leading to delivery of LBW infants. Other LBW risk factors were also studied.
Methods and Materials: This was a prospective cohort study performed during March 2004 to April 2005 in the health centers of Shemiran, north of Tehran, Iran. A sample of 180 mothers, 15-49 years old, with an unwanted pregnancy (case group) and 430 mothers, in the same age group, with a wanted pregnancy (control group) were compared. To determine the effect of unwanted pregnancy three major type of variables (background, maternal, and neonatal variables) were selected, and the mothers were followed up for 11-12 months (from the first referral for prenatal care to about 2 months after delivery). Statistical univariate analyses were performed using the t- and χ2 tests. Also, multiple logistic regression was employed to identify the risk factors associated with LBW. SPSS 11.5 for windows was used for data analysis.
Results: The unwanted pregnancy prevalence was 11.7%. The mean of Apgar score was 8.6 in the case group and 8.9 in the control group, the difference being statistically significant (p<0.001).Mean birth `1234t5weight of neonate in the case group was about 2.984kg vs. 3.14kg in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001) . Univariate analysis showed that LBW was related to unwanted pregnancy (p<0.001), gestational age (p<0.001), mother's age (p<0.001), mother's marriage age (p<0.001), birth order (p<0.001), number of past pregnancies (p<0.001), family size (p<0.001), number of abortions (p<0.001), attempt to abort (p<0.001), high blood pressure (p<0.001), and diabetes (p<0.001). Finally, multivariable analysis revealed that LBW was only associated with unwanted pregnancy, high blood pressure, and diabetes in mothers, with adjusted odd ratios of 2.22, 2.81 and 3.55, respectively (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Prevention of unwanted pregnancies, increased gestational age, and appropriate management of mothers' chronic diseases can reduce the risk of LBW.
Fatemeh Heydarpour, Kazem Mohammad, Sousan Heydarpour, Farid Najafi, Kourosh Holakouie Naieni,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (1-2013)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The time needed to achieve a wanted pregnancy is referred to as time to pregnancy (TTP). Due to differences in lifestyles and geographical locations in different countries, factors affecting TTP may be different in various countries. This study was conducted in 2011 to determine factors affecting time to TTP in Kermanshah, Iran.
Materials and methods: In this case-control study 174 women with TTP>12 months (cases) and 587 women with TTP<=12 months (controls) were selected. The tool for collecting data was a questionnaire. The SPSS-16 software was used for data analysis, a p-value <0.05 being considered as statistically significant.
]Results: Multivariate analysis showed that factors decreasing TPP statistically significantly were women's education level (≥high school diploma OR=0.854, CI 95%=0.741-0.984), frequency of intercourse in a week (OR=0.728, CI95%=0.631-0.839), blood group A compared to O (OR=0.639, CI95%=0.405-1.01), and non-exposure to smoking (OR=0.606, CI95%=0.380-0.965). On the other hand, factors increasing TPP were a woman's irregular menstrual cycle (OR=3.701, CI95%=2.127-6.441), lack of physical activity (OR=1.920, CI95%=1.263-2.918) and a body mass index (BMI) higher than 25 (OR=2.221, CI 95%=1.489-3.312).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, a high BMI and lack of exercise increase, while factors such as frequency of intercourse decrease the length of TTP. Couples seeking medical intervention for pregnancy often disregard factors associated with TTP. It is recommended that care-providers support these couples, promote their awareness, and give them suitable advice.
Shayesteh Hajizadeh, Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani, Masoomeh Simbar, Farshad Farzadfar,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (12-2015)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Prenatal and neonatal care provides an opportunity for counseling, resulting in reduction of pregnancy-related and neonatal complications. It is expected that such care would result in promoting the health status of these vulnerable groups and improving the relevant indicators.
Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey including 668 mothers and 2-month-old children. Data were collected using questionnaires and structured interviews.
Results: On the whole, 35.9%, 21.0% and 5.1% of the mothers reported, at least, one pregnancy, one complication, and one neonatal complication, respectively. Results of the logistic regression model showed that the odds ratio of reporting at least one of the pregnancy complications increased by more than double in women who had a medical history or a high-risk pregnancy, increase decreased by 63% in those who had continuous care during pregnancy, decreased by 40% in those who had received thorough prenatal care, and increased by 0.05% for every unit increase in age. The odds ratio of reporting at least one postpartum complication increased by 70% per unit of in the density of health workers. Moreover, the odds ratio of reporting at least one neonatal complication decreased by 48% in women who had received full neonatal care and by 50% per every unit of increase in the density of health workers.
Conclusion: The findings of this study show the important role of behvarzes (community health workers) in detecting postpartum and neonatal complications, as well as the importance of antenatal care and quality of antenatal care as regards detecting at-risk women and neonates and prevention of pregnancy and antenatal complications.
Milad Azami, Zahra Darvishi, Milad Borji, Kourosh Sayehmiri,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (6-2016)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Anemia in pregnant women is a common disease in developing countries, the prevalence ranging between 35% and 100%. Based on a systematic review in 2005 anemia prevalence among Iranian pregnant women was estimated to be 12.4%. The objective of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine anemia prevalence among Iranian pregnant women between 2005 and 2016.
Materials and Methods: This systematic review, using standard key words, included databases Magiran, Iranmedex, IranDoc, SID, Medlib, Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochran, Embase, Springer, Web of Science, and Online Library Wiley, as well as the Google Scholar search engine of for the period 2005-2016. All the reviewed papers meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Data were analyzed using the random effect model based on meta-analyses, the software being Stata Ver.11.1.
Result: Twenty-five studies with a total sample of 56610 pregnant women met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of anemia was estimated to be 17% (95% CI: 14-20). The highest (23%) and lowest (12%) prevalence rates were observed in the center and west of the country, respectively. The prevalence was estimated to be 21% in urban areas and 8% in the rural areas.
Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia in Iranian pregnant women has increased over the last 11 years. Therefore, appropriate intervention programs must be implemented in premarital counseling and pregnancy clinics.
Batool Hossein Rashidi, Hossein Malek Afzali, Fedyeh Haghollahi, Mina Naghi Jaffarabadi, Mohammad Eslami, Mahdieh Yazdanpanah, Mohammad Mehdi Naghizadeh,
Volume 14, Issue 2 (9-2016)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Over 200 million pregnancies occur worldwide annually; one third are unwanted and half end up in abortion. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of unwanted pregnancies and induced abortions during women’s childbearing age over a period of 30 years (divided into 5-year intervals) in Tehran, Iran.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014 on 518 married women 15 to 55 years old living in Tehran with a history of at least one pregnancy. A questionnaire containing two sets of questions on individual and demographic characteristics and women’s abortion history was used to collect the data for a period of 30 years (divided into 5-year intervals). The data collected were analyzed using SPSS 16 (the significance level was a p-value of <0.05).
Results: Of the 966 pregnancies among the 518 women studied, 665 (68.4%) were planned and 307 (31.6%) unwanted. There were 249 abortions, 108 (43.4%) of which were miscarriages, 41 cases (16.5%) for medical reasons, and 100 cases (40.2%) induced (deliberate). The proportion of induced abortions in unwanted pregnancies increased from 0.0% in 1981-1986 to 41.7% in 2011-2014.
Conclusion: Based on the findings it can be concluded that due to changes in family planning program effectiveness and accessibility of contraception methods in Iran unwanted pregnancies and the subsequent abortions have become more common.
Zeynab Zarei, Azar Tol, Roya Sadeghi, Kamal Azam, Maryam Sabouri,
Volume 19, Issue 3 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The practice of breastfeeding among mothers is affected by their knowledge of, and attitude to, it. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of intervention, using the transtheoretical model (TTM), on the knowledge, attitude and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among pregnant women in the third trimester referred to Golestan University of Medical Sciences in hospitals in 2021.
Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental intervention was conducted on 120 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 60) or a control (n = 60) group using the permuted block randomization. The data collection tools were a two-part questionnaire to collect data on demographic and obstetric characteristics and a researcher-made questionnaire based on the TTM. Due to the coronavirus Epidemic the education was conducted partly face-to face in five 30-minute sessions three times a week observing the health protocols and partly virtually via WhatsApp and Telegram messenger (audio file, video tutorial, electronic pamphlets and posters). The data collected one and six months after the intervention were analyzed using the SPSS software version 16, the tests being descriptive and inferential tests.
Results: The mean scores of knowledge, attitude, practice and the TTM constructs were not statistically significant between the intervention and control groups before the education intervention. One and six months after the intervention the mean scores of knowledge, attitude and practice and the TTM constructs, as well as perceived barriers and benefits in decision-making and self-efficacy were found to be significantly different between the intervention and control groups (p< 0.001).
Conclusion: Based on the findings it seems that breastfeeding education of pregnant women based on the transtheoretical model can improve their knowledge, attitude and practice as regards exclusive breastfeeding.
Zahra Mokhtari Nia, Forouzandeh Jafarzadehpour, Tahmine Shawardi,
Volume 20, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Demographic policies are designed and implemented with the aim of creating a better life for individuals in the society as well as protecting national interests. However, whether the implementation of these policies has achieved this goal or has had other, possibly unwanted, consequences that would affect the lives of the citizens, especially vulnerable people, requires careful investigation. These policies have had profound effects on the family and the health of family members, especially women. The purpose of this research was to investigate the understanding and interpretations of women in the southern areas of Tehran who had experienced unwanted pregnancy regarding population increase policies and their effects on women and their family lives.
Materials and Methods: This research was a descriptive qualitative study. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 23 married women with a history of unwanted pregnancy referring to the comprehensive health centers in districts 16, 17 and 19 of South Tehran Health Network. Purposive sampling was continued until a theoretical saturation was reached, and data analysis was performed based on the foundation data theory.
Results: Out of the primary data consisting of a total of 850 open codes, 452 concepts, 15 main categories and 47 sub-categories were extracted. Finally, "dissatisfaction with interventionism" was chosen as the main phenomenon covering the rest of the categories.
Conclusion: The most important factors causing dissatisfaction with government intervention among the participants are imposing costs related to unwanted pregnancies and keeping and raising an unwanted child. The intervening conditions of this phenomenon are "poverty and high cost". The participants' strategies included suppressing their wants, regret and attempts to improve the situation and reducing sexual relations.
Zeinab Azizi Mianaii, Roya Sadeghi, Mamak Shariat, Azar Tol, Abbas Rahimi Foroushani, Hossein Jalahi, Yaser Tedadi,
Volume 21, Issue 1 (10-2023)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Considering the quality of prenatal care services, indentification of the avoidable and inevitable maternal factors and proper promotion of the knowledge and skills of health care service providers is vital for providing suitable preventive and interventional services with the aim of ensuring a successful pregnancy and proper management in the health care system. This study was conducted to compare the adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with or without a history of Covid-19 in the pregnancy and postpartum stages covered by the Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study including 4124 women, either pregnant or after a recent childbirth (with or without Covid-19) between 20.2.2020 and 29.3.2022, registered in the Sib electronic system (hereinafter Sib) of Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Using a checklist developed and validated by an expert panel data were collected on the prevalence of maternal and neonatal outcomes in mothers with or without a history of Covid-19 and compared. The data collected were analyzed with SPSS 24 using descriptive tests such as chi-square and Fisher's exact test and STATA version 22, and the adverse outcomes with high frequencies following Covid-19 were determined.
Results: Analysis of the data showed the following to be the most common outcomes among mothers with a history of Covid-19: 1. obstetric complications and maternal disorders/diseases (hypertension, type-2 diabetes mellitus, at least one case of bleeding during pregnancy, premature/delayed birth and premature rupture of the amniotic sac, n= 457, 27.8%); 2. medical and surgical problems (unhealthy pregnancy weight gain and thromboembolic events, n=206, 12.5%). In addition, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups of pregnant mothers with and without a Covid-19 infection as regards medical and surgical problems (P=0.001) and obstetric complications and maternal diseases (p=0.002). As regards the adverse neonatal outcomes in pregnant mothers with and without a history of Covid-19, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of Apgar score at minutes 1 and 5 (p≥0.001) and exclusive breastfeeding (P=0.001) and the presence of Covid-19 symptoms in the baby (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study it seems that Covid-19 infection during pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of some of the undesirable maternal and neonatal outcomes. Therefore, it is essential to plan and implement programs for health education, creation of a sound attitude towards better management, enhancement of the skills and capabilities of the health-care providers and, finally, promotion of the knowledge of service recipients.
